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Reference Guides ^ 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 

.TlO, I 


By 

Florence M, Hopkins 

Librarian^^ 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 




This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Webster's New International Dictionary 


THIRD EDITION 


PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 

REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 




































Copyright 1923 

by 

FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 


'Z 

Co^y a- 


The pamphlet on Webster's New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionary. 

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword^ on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 173^ cents each 
plus carriage, from 

THE WILLARD COMPANY, 

601 West Fort Street, 

DETROIT, MICH. 


NOTE; Arrangements have been made between The G. & C. Merriam Co and tKo Willni-d 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New International dictionary can be sold much more cheanlv than can means 

miscellaneous reference books It is hoped that this plan will make it ^siKrsroob^^^^ 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the first terJa of Ugh schoorEDsUsh ™rk?and toe%e“plmp^^ 


V 


F ore word 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference guides that should be known and how 
use them^ which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for high 
and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 


List of Pamphlets in the Series 
Graded to correspond with High School English Courses 


English 1- 
English 2- 
English 3- 
English If 
English 5- 
English 6- 
English 7- 
English 8- 


-Websterns New International Dictionary. 

-Parts of a book: Concordances. 
-Encyclopaedias. 

-Library classification and card catalog. 

- Yearbooks. 

-Indexes to periodical literature. 

-Commercial guides. 

-Government publications: city, state, and federal. 


It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools; club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes for failure in the freshman college year: four reasons were 
given, one of which reads as follows: “Students should be trained to use ordinary 
means of securing information, such as: the table of contents, the index, the die- 
tionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readers^ guide to periodical 
literature, the newspaper, the informational magazinef’ It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 
badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools; each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 
graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 
it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
class work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 


The follozving paragraphs are taken from the 
Forezvord of the First Edition 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
‘^Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,’^ from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.’’ 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

Every month of delay in instructing him in^he meaning 
and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 

Every new student should be required to take 
some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 




Webster’s Dictionaries 

No branch of reference work is so important as is a thorough understanding 
of what can be found in recent dictionaries. We have become so accustomed to 
the word dictionary” that we take for granted that every one knows how to use 
it without devoting any special thought to it. However, when we study the 
careful arrangement of the vast amount of information contained in a dictionary, 
we realize, to some extent, what a tremendous task it has been to prepare such 
a book. The preface to the dictionary is exceedingly interesting, though it is 
seldom read. 

JVebster s Dictionary is a title which is probably better known in this coun¬ 
try than is that of any other one purely reference book. We have been using 
different editions of this dictionary for about one hundred years. The first 
Webster dictionary of any importance was published in 1828. In 1840 the first 
edition of the famous Unabridged appeared. In 1890 the Unabridged was 
thoroughly revised under the title of International. In 1909 the Interna¬ 
tional was thoroughly revised under the present title of the New Interna¬ 
tional^ a careful study of which is given on the following pages. 

The main part of the dictionary which gives the definitions of words is called 
the vocabulary. Much information is given before and after the vocabulary 
proper. 

Before the Vocabulary Appear: 

Plates giving Flagsy national, official, yacht club; State seals; Arms of the 
various nations. 

Preface; List of authors and works quoted; History of the English language; 
Guide to pronunciation; Orthography; Abbreviations used in dictionary; Addenda, 
that is, new words which came into the language after the main vocabulary was 
printed. These words are followed by a list of persons and places prominent too 
recently for entry in their regular order. 

/ 

Language Changes - 

Language grows and decays just as does everything else connected with life. 
New words are constantly being coined because of new conditions, and old words 
pass out of use, that is, become obsolete. Such words as camouflage and 
Rotarian, for example, are quite recent. We owe a deep debt of gratitude 
to the scholars who have devoted themselves to the study of how the different 
languages came into being, and why some have died and why some have so changed 
that their early forms are no longer used, and how words pass from one language 
into another, and how different meanings arise for the same word. A modern 
dictionary represents the combined efforts of many scholars, it is not the work of 
one man; for example, students of medicine define the medical terms; chemists 
define the chemical terms, etc. When we stop to think that the history of each word 
in the English language is given in our great modern dictionaries, we marvel 
that we do not so treasure a dictionary that we consider it imperative to 
understand ^it clearly, to use it adequately, and to own it. 


3 


A very scholarly history of the English language is given in the front of Web- 
sterns New International Dictionary. Simply to read over the headings of the 
paragraphs and sections of this history gives one an enlarged grasp of the stages 
of growth through which the English language has passed. The paragraph 
below, which is selected from this history, is taken from an English work which 
was written about the year 1300. The English of that time was so different from 
the present English that we can scarcely read it without a translation. Try to 
make out what the first line of the old English means before reading the transla¬ 
tion given in the paragraph below it, and then compare the other lines of the old 
English with the translation. Not only does a complete English dictionary 
record all words in current use, but it also includes in alphabetical order even 
such obsolete words as are found in this selection. 

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 

From Page xzxv. 

§ 194. From the Chronicle known as Robert of Gloucester's (11. 7,537-7,547). [South¬ 
ern Dialect, about 1300.] 

Thus com lo ! Engeloiid into Normandies bond, 

and the Normans ne couthe speke tho bote hor owe speche, 

and speke French as hii dude atom. 

Translation. — Thus came, lo! England into Normandy’s hand, and the Normans knew 
not how to speak then but their own speech, and spoke French as they did at-home. 


Important Abbreviations to be Noted in Connection with Definitions 

If any definition is not in current use, an abbreviation follows it, indi¬ 
cating why. Such abbreviations as the following should be readily recognized: 
R., rare; Obs., obsolete; colloq., colloquial, that is, conversational rather than 
formal English; dialect, that is, a form of a word peculiar to a dialect, and 
differing from the standard or literary form. When a word has a technical 
meaning, an abbreviation appears to indicate in what special field the word is 
so used, as: Med. medical; Myth, mythology; Econ. economic; Her. heraldry. 

A list of all abbreviations used in defining words, is given at the front of the 
dictionary, immediately preceding the first word of the vocabulary or addenda. 
Abbreviations in ordinary use are seldom in the list at the front, but are entered 
in the dictionary in the alphabetical order of the abbreviation, as a word is 
entered. Consult the note below the specimen entry on the next page and find 
the meaning of the abbreviations there indicated. 


The Divided Page 

Page 152 from the vocabulary of Webster’s New International Dictionary 
is reproduced on pages 6 and 7. Consult the page and notice that below a 
horizontal line near the bottom there are six columns, and that above it 
there are three columns. This divided page gains space by placing below the 
line unusual words, phrases, abbreviations, and other entries seldom used. 
When looking for a word, try the upper section first; if it is not there, try the 
lower section; always on the same page. Notice the clearness of the fine print. 


4 



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9 








Foreign phrases: Phrases in foreign languages that are frequently quoted 
are given in the dictionary. Those which are most common appear above the line; 
the others below the line. Find the following phrases below the line, and give their 
translation: au grand serieux; aufer te malum ex vohis. Find what the two 
vertical lines before each of them mean by consulting the bottom of the page. 

Reformed spelling: Find augmentativ below the line and give the ab¬ 
breviation which is placed after it, but on the line above, because there is not 
room on the same line. The abbreviation Ref. Sp. indicates that the reformed 
spelling of augumentative drops the final e. 

Obsolete spelling: The word aufull is followed by a dagger, and what word 
in capital letters? The dagger signifies that the spelling of awful has varied 
at times, that of aufull being now obsolete. What words, after a dagger at 
the bottom of the page, indicate this fact? 

Christian names: The meanings of Christian names are frequently given 
below the line. What does the name Augusta mean, literally? 


Definitions of Words Are Entered in Historical Order 

Many words in the English language have several distinctly different mean¬ 
ings, and are capable of being used as different parts of speech. It is important 
to realize that the order in which the meanings are entered in Webster’s diction¬ 
ary is historical; that is, the part of speech which was used first is entered first, 
and the several definitions under it are in the order in which the meanings came 
into use. 

Selected entries of words from naught to nothing follow to illustrate the many 
changes of meaning through which a word may pass, and the order in which 
these meanings are arranged. Does the word naughty as an adjective or as a 
noun, come first in the dictionary? Therefore, since words are entered in his¬ 
torical order, which part of speech for naught came into the language first? Is the 
pronunciation of naught given under both the noun and the adjective? Is the 
derivation given under each entry? The derivation of a word is not repeated 
every time the word is entered, unless the difference in meaning can be traced to 
different languages: neither is the pronunciation always repeated unless the 
words as different parts of speech are differently pronounced, or unless the first 
and last entries are widely separated by a page or column. It is necessary 
sometimes to look back to the first entry of a word, if the derivation or the 
pronunciation is desired. 

Specimen Entries from Webster’s New International Dictionary. 


naught (u6t), n. [ME. naught, nought, naht, naiviht, AS. 
nauiht, nauht, naht, nowilit, noht; ne not + a ever -j- 
wiht thing, whit; hence, not ever a whit. See no, adv.. 
whit; cf. AUGHT, NOT.] 1. Nothing; nought. 

Doth Job fear God for uaui/ht f Job i. 9. 

2. Wickedness ; wrong; evil; hence, tiiat which is wrong, 

wicked, or faulty. Ohs. Shuk. 

3. ThearithmeticalcharacterO ;acipher. See cipher, n., 1. 
4- A wicked or bad person. Obs. or R. 

to be naught, to go away or be still; to subside ; — usually 
in mild imprecations equiv. to be hanged to you.” Oon. 
“Marry, sir, be better employed and be naught awhi.e.” 
Shnk. — to call, or speak, all to n., to abuse vigorously. Obs. 
naught, a. 1. Of no account; worthless; bad ; uselesa 
It ie naught, it is naught, eaith the buyer. Prov. xx. 14. 

2. In Obs. senses: a Hence, vile; base; naughty, h 
Hurtful; bad; unfit. C Ruined ; wrecked ; lost. 

Go, get you to your house ; begone, away I 
All will be naught else. Shak. 

naugh'ti-ly (n8'ti-lT), adv. In a naughty manner; specif.: 
a Wickedly ; perversely. Obs. Shak. b Poorly ; badly. 
Obs. c Misbehavingly ; as, a child behaves naughtily. 
naugh'tl-ness, n. Quality or state of being naughty; 
specif.: a Wickedness ; depravity ; perverseness. Ohs. 
b Badness ; faultiness. • Obs. c Misbehavior; as, the 
naughtiness of a child. 

naugh^ty (nO'tl), a.; naugh'ti-er (-tl-er); naugh'ti-est. 

1. Having nothing ; destitute. Obs. 

[Men] that needy be and naughty.. Piers Plowman. 

2. Worthless ; bad ; disagreeable ; unhealthy. Obs. 

The other basket had very naughty figs. Jer. xxiv. 2. 

3. Wicked ; morally bad ; wrong. Archaic or Euphemistic. 

So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shak. 

4. Mischievous ; wayward ; guilty of disobedience or mis¬ 
behavior ; as, a naughty child. Rare, ezc. as applied to 
children, or in sportive censure. 

6. Insignificant. Obs. or R, Oxf. E. D. 

Syn. — See bad. 


nought (n8t), 71. [AS. ndwiht, var. of nau iht. See nauobt.^ 

1. Nothing; naught. Archaic. 

2. Nonexistence; nonentity; nothing. Archaic. 

3. Arith. Nothing ; zero ; also, a cipher or zero ; a naught. 

4. A worthless or valueless thing or person; a nothing. 

5. Worthless or evil behavior or character. Obs. 

for nought. = for nothing b, C, & d. Obs. or R. — to be n. 
= lo be naught, under naught, n. Obs. & R. 
noth'ing (nQth'ing), n. [From no, a. -f- thing."] 1. Not 
any thing ; no thing (in the widest sense of the word thing ); 
nought; partitively (now rare with an adjective), no share, 
element, part; — opposed to anything and something. 

Nothing will come of nothing. Shak. 

Yet had his aspect nothing of severe. JDryden. 

2. That which is or may be taken or considered as nonex¬ 
istent ; what is of no significance ; as, it is nothing to me. 

Is this nothing f 

Why, then the world and all that’s in't is nothing. Shak. 

3. Arith. Absence of all magnitude or quantity, however 
small; .also, a cipher; a zero. 

4. That which does not exist; a nonentity. 

Quite consume us, and reduce 
To nothing this essential. Milton. 

6. A thing that may be taken as nonexistent; athing of no 
account, value, note, or the like; specif., a person of no im¬ 
portance ; a nobody. 

One that lies three thirds and uses a known truth to pass a 
thousand nothings with. Shak. 

Wretched think ye not to flee. Shelley. 

6. Nothingness; utter insignificance. Obs. Shak. 

7. Hegelianism. That which is characterized by utter ab¬ 
sence of determination ; perfect indistinguishableness. 

all to nothing, by all odds; to the fullest extent. Rare. — 
for n._ a By no means; in no wise. Obs. b To no purpose; 
in vain, c For no reason ; groundlessly, d Without cost; 
free. -- n. much, not a great deal; very little. — n. off, Naut.. 
an order to the steersman to keep the vessel close to the 
wind. 


10 



If a man has wealth, we call him wealthy; he was once called naughty 
if he had naught. Read the first definition under naughty. This mean¬ 
ing, which is so completely out of use now, is given first because it is the 
first meaning the word had. What abbreviation follows, indicating that the 
word is no longer used in this sense? Is definition number 2 in common use? 
Definition number 4 is the only meaning of naughty which has survived, and 
even it is rarely used except as applied in what connections? What letter, after 
definition number 5, indicates that the meaning is rare, if not wholly obsolete? 
Is the comparison of the adjective naughty given? 

How many numbered definitions are given under the word nothing? Find, 
three lines below the last number, the phrase, all to nothing, and give its 
meaning, marked Rare. In the next phrase, which is not written out in full, 
what word is understood by n, after for? How many lettered subdivisions 
are given under this phrase? Which one is not in current use? After the 
fifth definition of nought, find the cross reference for the equivalent of the phrase 
for nought, and give the meaning for subdivisions b and c, under for nothing. 
What word is referred to for the obsolete meaning of to he nought, under 
nought. Give the obsolete meaning of the phrase to call {or speak) all to naught. 

Capitalization of Entries 

Notice under the entry which follows, that the word Psyche begins with a 
capital letter. In its most frequent use. Psyche refers to the character so 
named in classical mythology, and hence is a proper noun. However, it is a 
common noun in the meanings given under definitions numbered 2 and 3, and 
therefore should begin with a small letter in a running sentence. How is the 
fact indicated that small letters, that is lower case letters, should be used in these 
definitions? 

Under definition number 4, which pertains to astronomy, reference is made to a 
table under what word? Should Psyche begin with a lower case letter or with a 
capital, in this connection? 

At the end of definition number 2, the abbreviation Cf. suggests a comparison 
with what word, and what numbered definition of it? 

If the abbreviation orig., in the first line of definition number 2, is not 
recognized from its connection, consult abbreviations before the vocabulary. 

Read definition number 1, and notice how clearly and concisely the myth is 
stated. 


Psy'cho (si'ke ; psi'- ; 218), n. [L., fr. Gr. •i'vxv Psyche, fr. 
the soul.] 1. Class. 3Iyth. A lovely maiden, the per¬ 
sonification of the soul, usually represented with the wings 
of a butterfly, emblematic of immortality. In the “ Gold¬ 
en Ass” of Apuleius, Psyche is a beautiful princess of 
whom Venus becomes jealous. The goddess orders Cupid 
(Eros) to inspire Psyche with an unworthy love, but Cupid 
himself falls in love with her and visits her by nigly, for¬ 
bidding her to seek to learn who he is. Told by her sis¬ 
ters that her lover is a monster, she brings a lamp to the 
bedside one night when he is asleep. A drop of burning oil 
falling on his shoulder awakes him, and he leaves in anger. 
Psyche is then condemned to long wanderings and labors, 
imposed by Venus, but at last is reunited to her lover, 
made immortal, and raised to Olympus. 

2. [(. c.] The human soul ; orig., the vital breath or 
animating principle; later, the mental or sensuous soul; 
finally, the pure spiritual being whose true estate is not the 
bodily, but one loftier and less evanescent. Cf. pneuma, 3. 

3. [(. c.] [F. psi/che.~\ A cheval glass. Now Rare. 

4. Astron. See asteroid, Table. 


11 


Miscellaneous Items 


The ^T/16” at the lower right hand of the illustration of Great Auk which 
follows, indicates that the picture is one-sixteenth the size of the real object. If 
an illustration is larger than the object, the ratio is expressed by the sign for multi¬ 
plication, thus: x2 means that the picture is twice as large as the real object. 

Notice that two pronunications of chimpanzee, just below Great Auk are 
given. The first one entered is usually preferred. What number follows the 
last pronunciation? This number refers to paragraph 277, at the end of the 
Guide to Pronunciation, in the front of the dictionary, where an alphabetical list of 
words differently pronounced is given with the authority for each pronunciation. 
Whenever this number, or any other number, appears in connection with the 
pronunciation of a word, attention is called to the paragraph having the same 
number in the Guide, where details regarding some sound in the word will 
be found. 

How many languages are mentioned in the derivation of finger? The 
meanings of the abbreviations of these languages can be found in abbreviations 
before the vocabulary. How many definitions are given under finger? After the 
last definition, give the meaning of the common expression, to have a finger in. 
What abbreviation, at the end of the very last phrase mentioned, indicates that 
the expression is colloquial? The word fingers-and-toes meaning a plant is 
dialectic in what country? 


Selected Specimen Entries 



Great Auk (jL)^ 


ohlm-pan'zee (chTm-p5n'ze ; chlm/p5n-ze'; 277), n. [From 
the native name: cf. F. chimpanzk, chimpanse, chimpan- 
zie."] An anthropoid ape {Simia satyrus, eyn. Anthropo- 

fln'ger (fTrj'ger), n. ihS,. finger; akin to D. ringer, OS. iS: 
OnG.fingar, G.finger, Icel.fingr, ^w.&Daxi.finger, Goth. 
figgrs; origin unknown.] 1. One of the five terminating 
members of the hand ; a digit of the fore limb; specif., one 
of the four extremities of the hand other tlian the thumb. 

2. Anything that resembles or does the work of a finger, 
as the pointer of a clock, watch, or other registering ma¬ 
chine; esp., il/acA., a small projecting rod, wire, or piece, 
which is brought into contact with an object to effect, di¬ 
rect, or restrain a motion, as a pawl for a ratchet or any 
of the grippers that hold the paper in a printing press. 

3. The breadth of a finger, or the fourth part of the hand; 
a measure of nearly an inch ; a portion of liquor filling a 
glass to such a measure of depth ; also, the length of a fin¬ 
ger, a measure in domestic use in the United States, of 
about four and a half inches, or one eighth of a yard. 

4. Skill in the use of the fingers, as in playing a musical 
instrument. Rare. “ She has a goodyf/igrer.” Bmby. 

5. A part of a glove into which a finger is inserted, 
finger and toe. Bot. =cldbroot. — flnger8*and"thumba. or 
fingers-and-toes, bird’s-foot trefoil. Dial. Eng. —to have a 
finger in, to be concerned in; to meddle with ; hence, to 

, have a f. in the pie, to be a participant in the mischief, a 
sliarer in spoils^etc. — to have at one’s fingers’ ends, to be 
thoroughly familiar with. , CoUoq, 


Chl'na (chi'nd), n. 1. [cap.] A country in Eastern Asia. 

2. {pron. chi'nd ; formerly, and still dial. chTu'I, che'nl, 
and cha'nT, the last preferred by Walker c. 1800). Porce¬ 
lain ware, or porcelain ; — so called (orig. chinaware) in 
the 17th century, because brought from the far East, and 
differing from the pottery made in Europe at that time. 
Loosely, crockery in general. 

3. a = CHiNAEooT. b The sweet orange. Porto Rico. 

4. Com. Short for China silk. 

china ale, ale flavored with chinaroot. — C. aster, a well- 
known garden plant of the genus Callistephtts. S<t« aster, 
Callistephos. — C. bean, the cowpea. — C. blue. Dyeing, a 
Soluble blue, b A blue produced by printing on cloth 
with indigo, reducing, and reoxidizing, thus fixing the in¬ 
digo in the fiber. This process has been used in the Orient 
for centuries. — C. brier, the bull brier.—c. broth, broth 
made with chinaroot. — c. clay, kaolin. — C. crape, crgpe de 
Chine. — C. fish, any fish of the family Ophicephalidae (see 
SNAKE-HEAD MULLET). — c. grass. ramie. — C. ink, India ink. 

— C. lake, safranine. — C. mark, any of various moths of the 
genus llydroeampa and allied genera, whose larvae are 
an viatic, feeding on water plants.— C. matting, a kind of 
floor matting made in China, India, etc., from grass and 
reeds; -;- called also India, or Canton, matting. — c. metal, 
porcelain or majolica. Obs. — chi'na-met'alled f-mSt'dld), a. 
Obs. — c. oranp. = china, 3 b. — C. pea, an Asiatic faba- 
ceons shrub (Caragana charnlagu), the seeds of which are 
food for poultry. — C. pink, an annual or biennial pink (Di- 
anthns ehinensisi) having variously colored single or double 
flowers; — called also Indian pink. — c. ribbon, a very nar¬ 
row ribbon, one eighth of an inch wide, used in a kind of 
embroidery (china-ribbonembroidery), for bookmarks, etc. 

— C. rose, a Any of numerous garden varieties of rose de¬ 
rived from Rosa c/iinensis ; — called also Bengal rose, b 
An Asiatic malvaceous shrub {Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) com¬ 
monly cultivated in Oriental gardens for the large white 
or pink flowers, which contain an astringent juice used as 
a hair dye, and in Java for blacking shoes, whence it is 
sometimes called shoeblack plant. — c. shell. =bgg shell, 
mollusk. — C. shot, Indian shot. — C. silk, pongee or, by ex¬ 
tension, a thin silk resembling pongee in texture, often 
colored and figured; also, a fabric w ith a silk warp and a 
cotton fillmg. c. silver, a kind of plated nickel alloy re¬ 
sembling alfenide. — C. squash, the cushaw. — c. stone, a = 
KAOLIN, b = petuntse. — C. Straw, ramie. — C. tree, a hand¬ 
some Asiatic ineliaceous tree {Meiia azedarach) planted as 
a shade tree throughout the southern United States and 
in tropical countries. It has dense pinnately compound 
leaves and large panicles of pink flowers succeeded by 
yellow drupes. The tree is known by many names, as 
chmaberry pride of India, pride of China, bead tree, In¬ 
dian or Pension lilac, azedarach, holy tree, etc. —C. wax. 

— Chinese wax. -- c. wedding. See wedding. Note. — C. 
withe, a West Indian species of Smilax {S. celastroides). 


12 



Encyclopaedic Information 


Notice that the word china, in the second column, begins with a small 
letter. What abbreviation under definition number 1 indicates that when 
the word refers to the country, it should begin with a capital letter? Defi¬ 
nition number 4, relating to commerce, is short for what? 

A vast amount of information, aside from the meaning and derivation 
of words, is given in modern dictionaries. Information, called encyclopaedic, 
because it resembles that found in encyclopaedias, is condensed after all 
entries have been given concerning the word most closely connected with 
the subject, unless it is important enough to have an entry of its own. 
Below definition number 4, under china, notice that the first entry, in very fine 
bold-faced type, is china ale, and that it is followed by a very brief definition. 
The second bold-faced type entry reads C. aster; the third, C, hean; the fourth 
C. blue, A capital C is used if the country China is referred to; otherwise a 
lower case c is used. Glance over the bold-face type entries, and notice that 
the words following c, {china) are in sub-alphabetical order. Give the reference 
which follows the sign = after China orange, noticing that each letter of 
the word referred to is a capital. When a reference is all capitals, the 
form referred to is preferable. Find this reference under subdivision b of 
definition number 3, in the main entry for china, above, and give the preferred 
name for China orange. What is the preferred name for China wax? Is the 
other name which is sometimes used for China matting, indicated as a preferred 
name? China wedding is explained in a note under what word? Should it 
begin with a capital, or with a lower case letter? Tell whether C, for china, 
before the following entries should be a capital or a lower case letter: blue; 
clay; grass; silk; silver. 


Prefixes and Suffixes 

Much pleasure and information will be gained if the habit is formed of 
looking up the derivation of words as occasion offers. Consider the few pre¬ 
fixes which follow: un, meaning opposite, when placed before a word gives it an 
opposite meaning, as unkind, untrue; mis, means wrong, consider mistake, mis- 
understand; pre- means before, what does prefix mean? These, and all other 
prefixes, can be found in the vocabulary. The entry which follows, under 
com-, is selected to illustrate how one prefix, in different forms, is united with 
root stems in the make-up of certain words. Read the full entry: 

OOm-. A prefix from the Latin prepositioncwm, signifying 
with, together, in conjunction, very, etc. It is used in the 
form corn- before b, m, p, and sometimes/, and by assimi¬ 
lation becomes col- before I, cor- before r, and con- before 
any consoiiant except b, h, I, m,p, r, and w. Before a vowel 
com- becomes co-/ also before h, w, and sometimes before 
other consonants. See co-. 


13 


A corresponding study of suffixes is equally enjoyable. The entry under ^ness 
follows, to show how carefully its place in word formation is defined. Notice, by 
adding -■ness to certain adjectives, that a noun is formed which retains the quality 
of the adjective; as, for example, the adjective/afr, with -ness added, becomes 
the noun fairness. Tenderness, illness, and many other illustrations might be 
given. Read the examples given in the entry, and also the note at the end. 

A few other interesting suffixes are: -hood; -ic; -ity; -able; -ion; -ant; -ful; -dom. 

All suffixes can be found in the vocabulary in alphabetical order. 


•ness (-ngs; in colloq. speech the g becomes nearly t in Til). 
[AS. -ness^ -nyss, -nys; akin to OS. -riissl, -nussi, D. -nis, 
OHG. -nissa, -nassl, -nussi, G. -nis, -niss, Goth, -inassus. 
The n (in) orig. was part of the stem, not of the suffix 
proper.] A suffix used primarily to form abstract nouns 
denoting in general quality or state ; as in, good/iesi, great- 
ness, sickness, quality or state of being good, great, sick. 
These nouns often have various specific senses, as that of; 
(1) a particular instance of the quality or state; thus, ho 
showed them many kindne^^s; (2) something exhibiting 
or causing the quality or state ; thus, the villa stood in 
the midst of that greenness / His Highness was pleased; 
to rub off the dimness from a glass. The suffix forms r. 
few nouns which are primarily concrete, as in witnes.r. 
It is used chiefly with native adjectives, but now also with 
those of Latin origin, where, however, a suffix of Latin 
origin, as -ity, is in general preferred ; as in spiritualness, 
for spirituahY?/. See Introd., Rules for Spelling. 

The reference “ See -ness” is sometimes given as tho 
only definition of a word ending in -ness, if its meaning 
can readily be gathered from the definitions of the suffix 
and the root word. 


The Appendix to Webster’s New International 

Dictionary 

Directly after the vocabulary proper, the appendix is given, in which appear 
the following sections: Elements of pronunciation of foreign names, p. 2375. 
Geographical dictionary of the world. Biographical dictionary. Signs used in 
writing and printing, such as: Astronomical, Chemical, Botanical, Mathematical, 
Medical, Commercial, Musical, Proof-reading and others. 

Classified illustrations: At the end of the appendix, illustrations used 
throughout the vocabulary are collected and classified. 

Geographical and Biographical Entries 

Important places in the world having over 1000 inhabitants are entered 
in the appendix under the heading. Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. Brief 
information regarding important persons in the world’s work follows, under the 
heading. Pronouncing Biographical Dictionary. For illustrative purposes, a 
specimen entry from each is inserted. 

Under the first entry of Lincoln in specimen from the Gazetteer, find the sec¬ 
tion of Arkansas in which Lincoln County in that state is located. The square 
miles in this county are indicated by what number preceding a square? About 
how many thousand people live in this county? What are the names of the two 
county seats, indicated by two crosses? The dash after Varner refers to 
another county by the name of Lincoln, in what part of Colorado? Notice that the 
word Lincoln is entered but once in heavy type, and that a dash is used each 
time another place by that name is listed. The largest political divisions in the 
United States are entered first, then the smaller ones, and then foreign places. 
In this case, the largest divisions are counties, which require nearly two-thirds 

14 


of the space. It would be very confusing to glance through this fine print to 
find some particular county in a state, unless som system of sub-arrangement 
could be discovered. The first county mentioned is in what state? The last 
county mentioned, eight lines from the end, is in Wisconsin. The states are 
evidently sub-arranged alphabetically. Give the number of square miles in 
Lincoln county in the following states: Tennessee; Maine; Oklahoma. After 
the counties are all listed, the cities and towns are given. Following the last 
county^ which is in Wisconsin, a Lincoln city is given in what county of what 
state? What is the population of Lincoln, in Addison Co., Vermont? The next 
reference is to what other word in the Gazetteer? The reference following 
Gaz. gives the ancient name for Lincoln in what country? What is its 
population? What prominent building is located there? What word written 
in capital letters, following cathedral, is referred to in the general vocabulary of 
the dictionary for added information? 


Specimen Entry from Pronouncing Gazetteer 

Lincoln (ITij'kSn) co. SE Ark. 671 □ pop. 15, X X Star City & Varner.—co. E Col. 2,670 □ 
pop. 6, X Hugo. — CO. N E 6a. 291 □ pop. 9, X Lincolnton. — co. S Ida. 3,283 □ pop, 13, 

X Shoshone. — co. N cen. Kan. 721 □ pop. 10, X Lincoln. — co. E cen. Ky. 338 □ pop. 

18, X Stanford. — par. N La. 472 □ pop. 18, X Ruston. — co. S Me. 457 □ pop. 18, X Wis- 
casset. — CO. S W Minn. 535 □ p<^, 10, X Lake Benton. — co. S W Miss. 578 □ pop. 29, 

X Brookhaven. — co. E Mo. 607 U pop. 17, X Troy. — co. N W Mont. 3,530 □ pop. 4, X 
Libby. — co. S W cen, Nebr. 2,536 □ pop. 16, X North Platte. — co. S E Nev. 10,511 □ 
pop. 3, X Pioche. — CO. S N. Mex. 4,779 □ pop. 8. — its X.—co.W N. C. 299 □ pop. 17, 

X Lincolnton. — co. cen. Okla. 959 □ pop. 35, X Chandler, — co. W Ore. 1,008 □ pop. 6, 

X Toledo. — co. E S. Dak, 574 Dpop. 13, X Canton. — co. S Tenn. 587 □ pop. 26, X 
Fayetteville. — co. E Wash. 2,302 □ pop. 18, X Davenport. — co. S W W. Va. 418 □ 
pop. 20, X Hamlin. — co. N Wis. 902 □ pop. 19, X Merrill. — city. Placer co. Cal. pop. 

1. — city, X of Logan co. Ill. pop. 11. — city, X of Lincoln co. Kan. pop. 2. — vil. Pe¬ 
nobscot CO Me. pop. 2. — town, Middlesex co. Mass, pop, 1. — city, # of Nebr. and X 
of Lancaster co. pop. 44; seat of Univ. of Nebraska. — town, Grafton co. N. H. pop. 1. 

— town, Providence co. R. I. pop. 10. — town, Addison co. Vt, pop. 1. — See Lincolk- 
8 H 1 RE {Gaz.).’—anc, Lin'dum, mfg. city & county bor. X of Lincolnshire, Eng. pop. 67; 
fine cathedral. See Lincoln qreen. — co. Ontario prov. Canada, # St. Catharines. — co. 

New South Wales, Australia, pop. 10. 

Under the specimen entry from the Biographical Dictionary^ below, find 
Edwin Long., and tell why he was prominent. Give the dates of his life. What 
section in the Guide to Pronunciation at the front of the dictionary is referred 
to for particulars regarding the sound of the letter o in his name? Give the 
dates of the life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. When was John Davis Long 
governor of Massachusetts? Was he living when this edition of the dictionary 
was issued? Should the t in the name Longet be sounded? What letter is 
given to indicate the sound of the g in this name? 


Specimen Entry from Biographical Dictionary 

Lombardi (lom-bar'de), Alfonso. True name Citadella. Italian sculptor., .1487—1537. 

Lombroso (lom-bro'zo), Cesare. Italian physician and criminologist.1836 -. 

Lom^nie, do (de 16'ma'ne'), Louis L(^onard. French author.1815—1878, 

Lomonosov (Ia'ma-n8's6f), Mikhail Vasilevich. Russian poet and gram.1711—1765. 

London (lun'diln). Jack. American story-writer.1876 -. 

Londonderry (lunMun-dgr'i), Charles William Stewart, later Vane, third 

Marquis of. British general.1778—1854. 

Long (l5ng; 205), Edwin Longsden. English painter.l829—1891. 

Long, George. English classical scholar.1800—1879. 

Long, John Davis. Gov. of Mass, (1880-1882). Sec. of navy (1897-1902)... .1838 -. 

Lon;, Roger. English divine and astronomer. [^Uranium.'] .1680—1770. 

Long, Stephen Harriman. American engineer and explorer.1784—1864. 

Longchamp (iSng'shSmp; -sh5m), William of. Eng. prelate and statesman. ? —1197. 

Longet (lON'zhe'), Francois Achille. French physician.1811—1871. 

Longfellow (l5ng'fgPo ; 205), Henry Wadsworth. American poet.1807—1882. 

Longhi (ISq'ge), Giuseppe. Italian engraver.1766—1831. 

Longimanus (lon'JT-ma'nws). See Abtaxerxes I. 

Longinus (15n-ji'n5s), Dionysius Cassius. Greek philosopher and critic.213?- 273. 

Longnon (lo^nybN'), Auguste Honorg. French historical geographer.1844 -. 


Reference History Edition of 
Webster’s New International Dictionary 

A special edition of this dictionary gives, in the appendix, a valuable history 
of the world so condensed that it amounts to practically a dictionary of dates. 
The items are thoroughly indexed; any important fact in the world’s history 
can be readily found. This edition is usually sold by subscription only. 

15 
















Suggestions for Individual Practice 

It would be well worth one’s time to look up the following items at leisure, as an exercise for 
self-training in the ready use of Webster^s New International Dictionary. For this purpose, 
more attention should be given to the arrangement of material than to the information itself. 
An excellent plan for becoming familiar with the nature of the supplementary sections before and 
after the vocabulary proper, is to open the dictionary at the very first page, glance, in a general 
way Over each page, noting the sections, until the vocabulary is reached. Notice that the pages 
are numbered with Roman numerals. Examine, in a similar way, the sections following the 
vocabulary. 

A number of the items below come in closely compacted encyclopaedic entries; such items are 
followed by “ency,” and the words under which they are entered are printed in italics. If the 
entry is in the lower section, an L follows; A indicates appendix; F, the front of the dictionary; 
when no indication is given, look above the line of the vocabulary. 


1 : 

2: 

3: 

4: 

5: 

6: 

7: 

8 : 

9: 

10: 

11 : 

12: 

13: 

14: 

15: 

16: 

17: 

18: 

19: 

20: 

21: 


ad infinitum—L 

Aladdin^s lamp 

Alma Mater 

apple of discord—(ency) 

architecture (definition 2, ill.) 

bibliography (definition 3) 

coins used in different countries 

dark horse (ency) 

e pluribus unum—L 


22: per se—L 

23: philosopher’s stone 

24: Roman numeral for 800—A 

25: R. S. V. P—L 

26: viz.—L 

27: wooden horse (ency) 

28: a—What are the letters on the 
Yacht Club flag of Cleveland? 
F 


f. o. b.—L 
golden Fleece (ency) 
good Samaritan (ency) 
ib. or ibid.—L 
laissez faire 
Lethe (definition 1) 
metric system 
Micawber, Mr. Wilkins 
Mother Goose 
Odyssey (definition 1) 
old South Church (ency) 
op. cit.—L 

33 


b—What is the population of 
Cleveland? A 

29: What is the central figure of the 
national arms of Paraguay? F 

30: a—Find motto of Maine on state 
seal. F 

b—What does it mean? L 

31: a—In what year was Thomas 
Edison born? A 

b—In what year was Ferdinand 
Foch born? (Addenda) 

32: Meaning of Bolshevik (Addenda) 


Significance of the following common 
expressions; look, after the last defini¬ 
tions, under words in italics. Phrases 
are usually, though not invariably, 
under the verb. 


a: To put one’s best foot foremost, 
b: To rub the fur the wrong way. 
c : To /<?/ the cat out of the bag. 
d: To go through fire and water, 
e: To pay dear for one’s whistle, {pay v. /.) 


An inexpensive abridgment of Webster^s New International Dictionary is WebstePs 
Collegiate Dictionary. The Collegiate Dictionary serves for very general use only, 

16 


Printed In U. S. A. 


Questions on 

The Last Edition of Webster’s Dictionary 

Notk: Numbers in margin at right of questions below, give values on scale of 100%, 


1— What is the exact title of the last edition of Webster’s dictionary?.2 

2— ^What separates entries for general reference from those referred to less frequently?.3 

* 3—^When a word has several meanings, is the earliest or the latest meaning entered first?.2 

(i. e. Are the meanings entered in historical order.) 


4—^When information is given in sub-entries under a leading word, as for china in the text, are 


these entries in historical or in alphabetical order?.4 

5— Write the abbreviations of the following when used in connection with the definition of words: 

abbreviation; dialectic; definition; compare; from; capital; lower case letter; Anatomy; 
except; Gazetteer. (Notice that two words begin with capitals).2 each = 20 

6 — ^Are synonyms given before or after all definitions of the word?.2 

7— a: Is reformed spelUng above or below the line? b: How is it marked?.2 each=4 

8 — Where is a condensed key for diacritical marks given?.4 

9— a: Are plurals given and pronounced if regular? b: If irregular?.2 each=4 


10— TeU whether to turn to the front, or to the back, or to the general vocabulary for information 

such as the following: (Use F for front; B for back; V for vocabulary.) 

a; State seals, b: Square miles in any country, c: Abbreviations used in defining words, 
d: Abbreviations in common use. e: Characters in Greek mythology, 
f: History of the English language. g: Flags of nations. h: Roman numerals, 
i: Foreign phrases, j: Signs used in music, k: Phrases in common use. 1: National arms, 

m: Biographical entries. n: Geographical entries. o: New words.2 each = 30 

11 — a: When the Gazetteer lists foreign places, counties, and cities by the same name, which 

are entered first? Which second? Which last?. 2 each = 6 

b: Are counties and cities entered in order of size, or alphabetically by state?. 2 

12— When any number follows the pronunciation of a word, attention is called to a paragraph 

having the same number in the Guide to Pronunciation. In what part of the dictionary 
is the Guide placed?.2 

13— ^a: What do two vertical lines before a word mean?. 2 

b: What sign appears after a word to indicate an old spelling (or obsolete, variant of)?. 2 

14— If a recent word is not in regular vocabulary order, it can probably be found in what section, 

located where?.3 

15 — a: Is the pronunciation of a word always given under each entry of it?.2 

b: Is the derivation always given under each entry?.2 

10 —When a word is followed by a sign of equality and another word, each letter of which is a 

capital, is the word before or after the sign of equality preferred?.4 





















Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required Feature of the Regular English Course 

Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicate its value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, pupils are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate of passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work for the corresponding library pamphlet has been completed, 
the fact will be estabhshed in the pupil’s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference books to be as necessary 
as is training in other educational lines. 



Reference Guides 

I 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 

By 

Florence M. Hopkins 

Librarian 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 


This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Parts of a Book: Concordances 


THIRD EDITION 


PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 

REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 

> * "i 

^ ) 











' V'' 


s.- 


1 




■ v, , 

y ■ 


.;v 








Copyright 11)2? 
h 

FLORKNCE M. HOPKINS 


HT^f 


/ 



The pamphlet on Webster s New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionary. 

- . G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

. , ■'/' . V 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword^ on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 1734 cents each 
plus carriage, from 

^ THE WILLARD COMPANY, 

' N: ' 601 West Fort Street, 

-.c DETROIT, MICH. 

. 1 ^*. 


• f 



NOTE: Arrangements have been made between The G. & C. Merriam Co. and the Willard Co. by means 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New Internationui dictionary can be sold much more cheaply than can the lessons on 
miscellaneous reference books. It is hoped that this plan will make it possible for schools to adopt at once the dictionary 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the first term of high school English work, and the other pamphlets later. 






o 


■7 

7 

r 

i 

Foreword 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference Guides That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them, which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for 
high and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 

List of Pamphlets in the Series 

Graded to correspond with High School English Courses 

Webster’s New International Dictionary. 

Parts of a hook: Concordances. 

Encyclopaedias. 

Library classification and card catalogue. 

Year-books. 

Indexes to periodical literature. 

Commercial guides. 

Government publications: city, state, and federal. 


English 1 — 
English 2 — 
English 3 — 
English 4 — 
English 5 — 
English 6 — 
English 7 — 
English 8 — 


It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools, club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes of failure in the freshman college year: four statements were 
formulated, one of which reads as follows: ‘‘Students should be trained to use 
ordinary means of securing information, such as: the table of contents, the index, 
the dictionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readers’ Guide to Periodical 
Literature, the newspaper, the informational magazine.” It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


1 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and , 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 
badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools, each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 
graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 
it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
class work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 

According to the library code for capitalization all words in a title begin with 
a lower case letter instead of with a capital, except the first word, proper nouns, 
and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Certain specimen pages will show 
that some publishers follow this code. 


The follozving paragraphs are taken from the 
Forezvord of the First Edition 

% 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
“Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,’’ from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.” 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

. . . Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 

and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 

. . . . Every new student should be required to take 

some ^course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 

^ \ b ( 

3.1 


2 


Parts of a Book: Concordances 

The arrangement of material in books usually has the following order, 
though it varies slightly: 

a. Title. f. 

b. Page for dedication, if desired. g. 

c. Preface. h. 

d. Table of contents. 

e. List of illustrations or maps. i. 

Title Page 

The title page is the page on which appear: 

a. The full title of the work. 

b. Its author, editor or compiler, together with mention of any position, 
achievement, or scholarship which may serve to warrant the confidence of the 
public in his work. 

c. Number of editions through which the work has passed, if more than 
one. Sometimes a quotation appears. 

d. The publisher and the city in which the firm is located. 

On the back of this page, the date and owner of the copyright are given. 

A copyright is secured through the United States Government Copyright 
Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., for one dollar. It grants its 
owner the right to control the issue of all copies for a period of twenty-eight 
years, and is subject to renewal. 

Frequently the date of printing is given under the publisher’s name. If this 
date is later than the copyright date, it indicates that the book has been re¬ 
printed at the later date from plates prepared at the time of the last copyright, 
and that the book has not been revised. The copyright date is the important 
one. 

Page of Dedication 

When an author desires to pay special tribute to some pleasant memory, 
he often does so through the dedication of his book. If a page is used for this 
purpose, it follows the title page. 

Preface 

A Preface is a presentation of a book by the author himself to his reading 
public. It enables him to talk more familiarly with his readers than he other¬ 
wise could, and to thank any friends who may have aided him in the preparation 


Introduction. 

Body of the work. 

Appendix; Commentary; Special 
notes; or other additions. 

Index or indexes. 


3 


of the work. In the preface he usually tells what his aim was in writing the book 
and what he hoped to accomplish through it. It is often a very valuable part of 
a book and generally well worth reading. At the end of the preface, the author's 
name, or his initials, frequently appear at the lower right-hand side, and the 
date at the lower left-hand side. The pages are often numbered with Roman 
numerals to separate the preface from the pages of the book proper. The word 
Foreword is sometimes used if the work is very brief. 

Table of Contents 

The Table of contents gives the titles or subjects of the chapters, poems, or 
other matter contained in the book, listed in the order in which they appear. 
Frequently the chapters are so completely analysed that a large grasp of the 
general subject, or a review of it, can be gained by reading the headings. 
The table of contents is sometimes paged with the book proper; sometimes it is 
paged with Roman numerals. 

A specimen entry from the Table of contents of ‘‘Universal Literature" by 
Botta, is given below to illustrate how completely the chapters are analyzed. 
Consult it, and answer the following questions: 

a. On what page, in Roman numerals, does the “List of authorities" begin? 
On what page, in Arabic numbers, does the “Introduction" begin? Would page 
XV (Roman numerals) appear in the book before or after page 1 in iVrabic 
numbers? 

b. Below the Introduction^ read the main topics in the center of the page. 

c. Is the language of the nations usually considered by this author in con¬ 
nection with its literature? 

d. Tell from what country the Sanskrit literature comes, by consulting topic 

2 under it. Name the leading sacred books of this country, under topic 4. 

A specimen entry from Table of Contents of 
Handbook of Universal Literature by Botta 

Copyrighted by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 

CONTENTS 

PAGE 

UBT OF AUTHORITIES.xv 

INTRODUCTION. 

Th* Alphabet. 

1. The Origin of Letters. — 2. The Pha?niciau Alphabet and Inscriptions. — 3. The 
Greek Alphabet. Its Three Epochs. — 4. The Mediaeval Scripts. The Irish. The 
Anglo-Saxon. The Roman. The Gothic. Tlie Runic.1 

Classification or Languages 3 

CHINESE LITERATURE. 

1. Chinese Literature. — 2. The Language. — 3. The Writing. — 4. The Five Classics 
and Four Books. — 6. Chinese Religion and Philosophy. Lao-ts«5. Confucius. 

Meng-ts^ or Mencius. — 6. Buddhism. — 7. Social Constitution of Cliina. — 8. In¬ 
vention of Printing. — 9. Science, History, and Geography. Encyclopaedias. — 10. 

Poetry. —11. Dramatic Literature and Fiction. — 12. Education in China . . 7 

JAPANESE LITERATURE. 

1. The Lsmguage. — 2. The Religion.—3. The Literature. Influence of Women.— 

4. History. — 5. The Drama and Poetry. — 6. Geography. Newspapers. Novels. 

Medical Science. — 7. Position of Woman.— 8. Foreign Interpreters of Japan . 16 

SANSKRIT LITERATURE. 

I. The Language. —2. The Social Constitution of India. Brahmanism. — 3. Charac¬ 
teristics of the Literature and its Divisions. — 4. The Vedas and other Sacred 
Books. — 5. Sanskrit Poetry; Epic ; the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Lyric Po¬ 
etry. Didactic Poetry ; the Hitopadesa. Dramatic Poetry. — 6. History and Sci¬ 
ence. — 7. Philosophy. —8. Buddhism. —9. Moral Philosophy. The Code of Manu. 

—10. Modern Literatures of India. — 11. Education. The Brahmo Somaj . . 3? 

4 





List of Illustrations or Maps 

Illustrations and maps are listed at the front in the order in which they 
appear in the book; very seldom in alphabetical order. 

Introduction 

An introduction is usually a brief essay on the general subject under 
discussion. It is sometimes paged in the book proper with Arabic numbers; 
sometimes, separately with Roman numerals. 

Body of the Work 

The body of the work consists of few or of many pages, or of one volume, 
or more, according to the plan of the author or the publisher. 

Sometimes an asterisk (*) or a dagger (f) or a number, or a letter, appears in 
the text to call attention to a note at the foot of the page. 

Appendix or Other Additions 

The Appendix, the Special notes, the Commentary, or other additions con¬ 
sist of explanatory material or enlargement upon the subject-matter of the book. 

The Index or Indexes 

An index is an alphabetical arrangement of the topics in the book, with page 
references. To prepare an index requires much care, as every page must be 
read with reference to the index, each item written on a separate card, and the 
cards arranged alphabetically. 

An index is found in one of the following positions: 

a. Usually at the back of a one volume work. 

Strictly business books are frequently indexed at the front. 

b. Usually at the back of the last volume, if the work is in several volumes. 

c. When a set of books consists of many volumes, the index is likely to 
require most, or all of the last volume. 

d. More than one index is sometimes desirable. In collections of poems, 
especially, several indexes may be found; one index of the titles, another of 
first lines, another of authors. 

e. If an index has any special features or abbreviations not common to all 
indexes, look for a note of explanation at the beginning of the index. 


Try to realize why an index to this page might be as follows: 


Abbreviations, used in index.5 

Appendix, where placed.5 

Asterisk, used for notes. 5 

Business books, index for, where placed.... 5 

Commentary, where placed.5 

Dagger, used for notes.5 

Illustrations, list of, where placed.5 


Index, where placed.5 

Indexes, separately arranged.5 

Introduction, where placed.5 

Letter, used for notes.5 

Maps, list of, where placed,.5 

Number, used for notes.5 

Poems, how indexed,.5 

Special notes, where placed,.5 


When convenient, it would be a good exercise to index some page in a text¬ 
book. When studying a book well indexed, occasionally see if the main subjects 
on some one page are in the index. 


6 
















A Study of the Specimen Page below of the Index to Introduction 
to American Literature by Pancoast 

A Work in One Volume 


1. In which part of this one volume work is the index found? 

2. The entry under “Emerson’’ follows which entry? 

3. Which entry follow’s “Emerson?” (Note the space required for references 
under Emerson.) 

4. Which is the first page referred to under “Emerson,”and what punctua¬ 
tion mark follows it? 

5. Which is the first page under “Emerson,” followed by a dash? This 
dash indicates that “Emerson” is the subject considered from which page to 
which page? Between which pages does the next dash appear? 

6. On which pages are the following topics under “Emerson” discussed: 
Concord Hymn? American Scholar? Brook Farm? 

7. Find “Europe, influence on American literature,” in the index, and give 
the first pages connected with a dash. Give the second, so connected. 

8. Find “English influence” in the index, and give the pages for consecu¬ 
tive reading, as indicated by a dash. 

Specimen entry from the index at the back of 
Introduction to American Literature by Pancoast 

Copyrighted by Henry Holt & Company. 


INDEX 


Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 
:i52, 353, ;155, ;i92; The 
Deserted Plantation, 353; 
Study List, 360 
Dimne, Finley Peter, 403 
Dwight, Timothy, 102, 103, 
105, 106, lid, ill, 146, 
150, 186; America, 103; 
Conquest of Canaan, 103; 
Creenfield Hill, 106 
Dyer, 106 

East, the, 376. See New 
England; Middle States 
Edgar Huntly, 109, 110 
Education, growth in Amer¬ 
ica, 18, 19. 24-26, 28, 33- 
35, 98, 305, 317, 406 
Edwards, Jonathan, 63-66, 
72, 82, 91, 103, 115, 212, 
317; Sinners in the 
Hands of an Angry Ood, 
65; On the Freedom of 
the Will, 66; Study List, 
72 

Eggleston, Edward, 385, 
390; Hoosier Schoolmas¬ 
ter, 385, 390; Roxy, 385 
Eighty Years’ War for 
Liberty, The, 232 
Eliot, John, 26, 54; Bay 
Psalm Book, 26, 54 
Elsie Venner, 217 
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 7, 
11, 66, 143, 151, 156, 160, 
162, 164-178, 180, 185, 

190, 198, 202, 204, 211, 
218, 219, 240-242, 252, 

264, 297, 307, 308, 311, 


419 

317, 365, 376, 407; place 
in new era in New Eng¬ 
land, 165; Nature, 168, 
169, 202, 214, 365; lec¬ 
turer, 169; Concord 
Hymn, 169; influence of 
German philosophy, 
Wordsworth, and Cariyle, 
169; The American 
Scholar, 170; The Dial, 
172; Brook Farm, 172; 
English Traits, 173, 242; 
philosophic and religious 
teacher, 175; inequality 
of style, 175; epigram¬ 
matic sentences, 176; his 
mission to quicken our 
spirit, 177; Study List, 
177 

Emmett, Dan, 354; Dixie, 
354 

English influence, 69, 71, 77, 
83-85, 91, 96, 10.3, 105- 
109, 119, 130, 146, 163, 
164, 169, 252, 253, 266, 
376, 396 

English Literature (Moody 
and Loyett), 395 

English Novel, The (La¬ 
nier), 278 

English Traits, 173, 242 

Ephemera, 91 

Eternal Goodness, The, 227 

Europe, influence on Amer¬ 
ican literature, 119, 124, 
134, 152, 155, 163, 164, 
173, 178, 179, 181-187, 

195, 203, 218, 242, 24.3, 
288-292, 294, 320, 325, 

326, 328, 329, 331, 332 


6 


A Study of the Specimen Page below of the Index to 
Life of*H. W. Longfellow by Samuel Longfellow 
A Work in Three Volumes 

Copyrighted by Houghton, Mifflin & Company. 

1. The number of the volume is not repeated every time reference is made 
to it. If no volume follows the page, the reference is to the last mentioned 
volume. In this index, references to volume I come first; to volume II, next; 
and to volume III last. 

2. Longfellow’s name is abbreviated “L.” throughout the index. 

3. This work is in three volumes. In which volume, and in which part of 
it, is the index found? 

4. The first reference under Dickens is, “L. entertains.” This means that 
an account of how Longfellow entertained Charles Dickens, is found in volume 
I on page 279. 

5. Give the volumes and pages for the following under Dickens: 

a. Letters to Longfellow from Dickens. 

b. Longfellow describes household and friends of Dickens. 

c. Third visit of Dickens to America. 

d. Longfellow on the death of Dickens. 

6. Under Darley, Felix, give volume and page for ‘‘illustrates Evangeline.” 

7. Under Dictionaries, give volume and page for ‘‘L”. on. 


458 INDEX. 


vises Greene to translate the let¬ 
ters of, ()0,72 ; Witte's text of,'and 
Bati’s commentary on, 63; help¬ 
fulness of L.’s friends in criticising 
his translation of, 63 (see “ Dante 
Club”); the geography of, 67; 
points of interest occurring during 
the reading of, 69, 70, 71, 384; 
notes of L. on the tenth canto of 
the “Paradiso” of, 78; notes of 
L. on, finished, 79 ; Ticknor on 
L.’s translation of, 90; the same 
published, 53, 88, 93; L. quotes 
the “ Inferno ” of, 97 ; dinner g^ven 
by Ticknor & Fields in honor of 
the translation of, 99 ; the “ Rue 
du Fouarre ” in, 125 ; the Duca 
di Sermoneta as a student of, 128; 
in exile, 147; the gondolier’s 
pamphlet on, 184;. bits of the 
coffin of, 204, 392, 401; L. quotes, 
213, 317 ; da Imola’s commentary 
on, 318 ; in Dutch, 388; L.’s copy 
of Lord Vernon’s edition of, 400 ; 
bust of, in L.’s study, 401; L. 
quotes, on translation, 410. 

“ Dante Club,” the, iii. 62, 63, 65- 
69,71,75, 80,85,87,363 ; sketches 
of, at work, 62, 381. 

D'Arblay, Madame, iii. 15 ; ciirious 
story of, 137. 

Darley, Felix O. C., ii. 391,408, 413 ; 
illustrates ‘‘ Evangeline,” iii. 75. 

Daveis, Charles Stuart, i. 117. 

Day, each, a “branch of the Tree 
of Life,” iii. 409. 

” Daybreak,” translated into Portu¬ 
guese, iii. .54. 


Dennett, John Richard, iii. 270. 

De Quincey’s ” Reminiscences,” L. 
on, ii. 229. 

Derby, Lord, on the English hexam* 
eter, iii. 57. 

Derby, M. C., ii. 372. 

“ Descent of the Muses, The,” iiL 265. 

De Vere, Aubre.y, iii. 113. 

De Vere, Scheie, ii. 320. 

Devereaux Farm, L. describes, H. 68^ 

Dewey, Rev. Orville, i. 247. 

D’Hauranne, Duvergier, iii. 48. 

Dickens, Charles, L. entertains, 1. 
279; popularity of, 340; second 
visit of, 414; play in New York 
ridiculing the reception of, 420; 
letters to L. from, 438, 451 ; L. 
comments on the “ American 
Notes” of, 440; visit of L. to, in 
London, 416, 440; Forster refeia 
to, and “ Martin Chuzzlewit,’ ’ ii. 
7; L. describes household and 
friends of, ii. 9 ; L. on the 
“ Wreck of the Golden Mary ” 
of, 326; third visit of, to Amer¬ 
ica, iii. 100; L. entertains, 100; 
first reading of, 100; L. on the 
readings of, 101, 102; writes to 
L. on his birthday, 104; L. visits, 
at Gad’s Hill, 114, 119; L. on the 
death of, 149. * 

“ Dick Moon en France,” iii. 16. 

Dictionaries, L. on, ii. :i54. • 

Disraeli, L. speaks of the “ Vivian 
Grey” of, i. :136; of the “Con- 
tarini Fleming” of, ii. 23:1; 
Clough speaks of, 257 ; L.‘ on the 
“ Lothair” of. iii. 149. 


7 








A Study of the Specimen Page From the Index to 
England in the Eighteenth Century by Lecky 

A Work in Eight Volumes 

The abbreviation “ib.” is frequently used in the index on the opposite 
page. This abbreviation comes from the Latin word “ibidem,” meaning in 
exactly the same place as the last mentioned. (It is often abbreviated “ibid.” 
in other reference books.) 

The abbreviations “sq.” and “sqq.” are also used in this index. These ab¬ 
breviations come from the Latin word “sequens,” which means “following.” 
“Sq.” is singular, and signifies that one page follows the reference; “sqq.” is 
plural, and signifies that-more than one page follows. 

1. Under Whitefield, George, give the abbreviation which follows “among 
colliers.” Give the volume and page indicated in this reference. 

2. Find Whitefield’s “eloquence as a popular preacher,” and give the ab¬ 
breviation which indicates that several pages follow page 617. Reference is 
made to which volume? 

3. Under Whiteboys, “denounced by Catholic clergy,” the reference is to 
which volume? What indicates that the reference covers fewer pages than 
“outrages not sectarian,” just preceding it? The reference following it, 
“Protestants among Whiteboys” is followed by the letter “n,” referring to 
a “note.” In which volume and on which page does the note appear? 

4. Consult the first column, under “Whigs,” near the middle, and give the 
volume and page for “chief elements of party-aristocracy.” 

5. Find, near the end of the entry under “Whigs,” “true character of the 
part}",” and give the volume and page to which reference is made. 


The entry given below illustrates an index which does not use a dash or 
sqq. to indicate consecutive reading, but instead uses the letters, “ff,” for follow¬ 
ing pages. The most important pages are marked by an asterisk (*). 

Name the page, marked by an asterisk (*) on which the fullest account of 
Plato begins. Note that “ff” follows it. 

Name other pages which are followed by “ff,” indicating that the reference 
covers more than two pages. Are these pages as important as those indicated 
by the asterisk and “ff?’’ 

Name one page followed by a single “f,” indicating that only one page fol¬ 
lows. Consecutive reading on Plato would not be found on any of the pages in 
the first line, but his name would appear on each page in connection with 
some other subject. 

Plato, 14, 18, 29, 35, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 

63, 71*ff., 108ff., 114, 127, 129, 

136, 138, 151ff., 180, 185, 218f. 

In some indexes the most important pages are printed in heavy type. 


8 



A specimen entry from the index at the back of the last or the eighth volume of 

England in the Eighteenth Century by Lecky 

Copyrighted by D. Appleton & Company. 


INDEX. 


647 


WHE 

304; removal of duty imposed by 
England, 330 

Wheat, price of, 1650-1750, i. 363, 
606 sq. ; later prices, vi. 193, 203 sq, 

Wheelploiigh: introduced intolreland 
by the Palatines, ii. 374 

Whigs: prolonged ascendency, i. 1; 
their main principles, 2; detailed 
contrast with Tories, 3; treatment 
of press, 4; why they carried Sep¬ 
tennial Act, 6; policy at Revolu- 
, tion, 11 sqq.', skilful conduct of 
leaders, 13 ; origin of name ‘Whig,’ 
19 ; difficulties after Revolution, 25; 
defeat of party on accession of Anne, 
36 ; preponderance in House of 
Lords (1702), 38; great majority in 
elections (1705), 41; pass a Regency 
Bill, 42; complete Whig ascendency 
in ministry, 45; foreign policy of 
Government, 47; party division, 
54; Sacheverell, 55 sqq. ; theory of 
Government, 67; Burnet, 87; re¬ 
ligious legislation, 101 sqq., 274 sqq.\ 
question of succession, 146; elec¬ 
tions of 1713, 158; Tory discord 
and Whig union, 161; conference 
of leaders with Bolingbroke, 175; 
Irish Commons violently Whig, 177; 
triumph at George L’s accession, 
183; chief elements of party—ari¬ 
stocracy, 184 sqq. ; commercial 
classes. 202; Nonconformists, 219— 
party violence, 225; rebellion of 
1715, 229 sqq.; consolidation of 
Whig power,240; conditions favour¬ 
ing them, 246 sqq. ; religious legis¬ 
lation, 272 sqq. ; repeal of laws 
against witchcraft, 288 ; reform of 
Calendar, 289 ; laws against Catho¬ 
lics, 290, 297 sqq. ; against Popish 
dignitaries and friars, 319 sq. ; 
penal LiwsagainstEnglish Catholics, 
328 sqq. ; Whig schism of 1717, 
345 ; Walpole, 383, 405; cessation 
of political rivalry (1748-64), 466; 
confusion of ])arty lines, 512; na¬ 
tural history of the two parties, 513 
sq.; Toleration Act (1712), ii. 53; 
disorganisation, 505 ; supremacy 
broken at death of George II., 565; 
Rockingham’s ministry, iii. 100; co¬ 
alition with Chatham, 120; party 
vicissitudes, 174 sqq. ; inexperienced 
leaders, 102; Reform question, 191; 
distinction between Whig and Radi¬ 
cal, 227; jiartyojiposed Subscri|)tion, 
541; divided on religious liberty, 
544; accession of Pox, 571; Ameri- 
candifficulty,586s^.;allegedoriginof 


WHI 

party colours, iv. 75; advocacy of 
American cause, 73; attempted fu¬ 
sion with Rockingham’s party, 95; 
return to power (1782), 220; oli¬ 
garchical spirit of Old Whigs, 255; 
disruption, 258; coalition of Fox 
and North, 292; India bill, 312; 
Absentee tax, 438; home fortifica¬ 
tions, V. 74; Prince of Wales, 84; 
Regency question, 103, 106, 111; 
party ceases to be anti-Catholic, 
188; principles on elective system, 
197; Whig theory of social con¬ 
tract, 345; schism wrought by 
French Revolution, 453; secessions 
from Fox, 506; true character of 
the party, 511; schism increased, 
vi. 16, 136 ; secessions to Pitt 
(1794), vii. 32; disputes that fol¬ 
lowed, 42 sqq. 

Whig Club, Dublin, vi. 458, 471; 

Northern Whig Club, Belfast, 462 
Whiteboys: origin, ii. 216, 272, iv. 
351 ; first proceedings ; character 
of outrages, 353; object, 354; mur¬ 
ders, 356 ; paralyzed law, 358 ; 
pseudo - Whiteboys, 359 ; attacks 
on clergy, 360; outrages not sec¬ 
tarian, 361 sqq. ; denounced by 
Catholic clergy, 36555-.; Protestants 
among Whiteboys, 365 n.; deser¬ 
tion of Catholic chapels, 367; real 
causes of outbreak, ih .; measures 
against, 369; hunting Whiteboys, 
370; Whiteboy Act, 1787, vi. 408. 
See Ireland, 1760-1778 
Whitefield, George: early life and 
character, ii. 600; visits Georgia, 
605; preaching in England, 610; 
field-preaching, 611; among coll¬ 
iers, ih .; in London, 613; charac¬ 
ter and genius, ib.; failings, 614; 
position in the Church, 615; elo¬ 
quence as a popular preacher, 617 
sqq.; effects on his hearers, 621; 
matter of his discourses, 622; in¬ 
fluence on religious revival, 624; 
Calvinism: disputes with Wesley, 
626; esteem for Wesley, f6.; asceti¬ 
cism, 641; the earthquake alarm of 
1750, 647; expeditions to America, 
653 ; advocated slavery, 654; work 
in Wales, 658; in Scotland, 660; 
satirized by Pope, 669 ; influence 
on upper classes, 670 
White, Richard: first to report ap¬ 
proach of Hoche’s expedition to 
Ireland, vii. 257; made Lord Ban- 
try for his services, 258 
Whitworth (ambassador to Russia); 


9 




A Study of the Specimen Page below of the Index to 
Harvard Classics (Dr. Eliot’s Five-Foot Shelf) 

A Work in Fifty Volumes 

Copyrighted by P. F. Collier & Son. 

This work is in fifty volumes. Almost all of the last volume is required for 
the index. 

The references are sub-arranged alphabetically in this index; under “Books/’ 
for example, a reference to what “Confucius” says about books is sub-arranged 
under C, what “Locke” says, under L, etc. 

Give the volumes and pages for the following: 

a. Under Books, sub-alphabetical under “t” find “transcripts of their 
times” and notice two series of pages. Which pages give the longest consecutive 
reference? Give the volume referred to. 

b. Give volume and page for “prefaces” of books? 

c. Give volume and pages for Locke on books for children. 

d. In the second column of the index, under “Bors, Sir,” find volume and 
pages for “Temptation of.” 


CEXEUAL INDEX 165 


Book, custom of saving by the, 
XXXV, 387 

Book-keeping (see Accounting) 
Book-Worms, The, vi, 277 
Books, Montaigne’s Essay on, xxxii, 
89-105 

Books, Bacon on, iii, 58; Browne 
on, 285-6, 289 (24); Carlyle on, 
XXV, 379, 381, 389-90: censorship 
of (see Censorship); Channing on, 
xxviii, 349-51; Confucius on, xliv, 
10 (9); Ecclesiastes on, 354 (12); 
Emerson on, v, 8-12, 97, 122, 183-4; 
Epictetus on, ii, 170 (145); 

Cioethe on, xix, 28, 45-6; Ileminge 
on fate of, xxxix, 155; Hobbes 
on, xxxiv 339-40; Ilume on use 
of, xxxvii, 395 (9); Locke on, for 
children, 140-3; Milton on, iii, 
202-3, 210-12, 214; Newman on 
education by, xxviii, 31-8; Tascal 
on, xlviii, 123 note 9, 417; Pliny 
on, ix, 244; prefaces of, xxxix, 3; 
Rousseau on, xxxiv, 303-4; Rus- 
kin on, xxviii, 99-117, 120-1, 

J30-1, 141; Ruskin on, for girls, 
i55‘7: tested by durability, xxxix, 
218-19; transcripts of their times, 
433*40, 460-1 (see also Read¬ 

ing) 

Boorde, Andrew, versos from^ xxxv, 
304 note 

Bootes, constellation, xx, 417 note 
5; mentioned by Homer, xxii, 78 
Booth, M. L., translator of Pascal, 
xlviii 

Border Ballad, by Scott, xli, 764 
Boreas, Orithea and, xxvii, 284; 

Virgil on, xiii, 79, 140 
Borghild, wife of Sigmund, xlix, 
291, 295-6 

Borgia, Csesar, son of Pope Alex¬ 
ander, xxxvi, 15; cruelty of, 56; 
Countess of Forli and, 75; Cuido 
IMialdo and, 74; Macaulay on, 
xxvii, 408-9; >Iachiavelli on, 
xxxvi, 24-30; Oliverotto and, 33; 
troops of, 48 

Borgia, Lucretia, Lines on Hair 
OF, xli, 929 

Borgny, wife of Sigmund (see 
Borghild) 

Borgny, wife of Vilmund, xlix, 457-9 
Borgoignon, Nicolas, xxxiii, 263 
note 

Borgoo, the negroes of, v, 207i8 
J’oric Acid, as antiseptic, xxxviii. 


in plague, 526, 548-9. 552. 554*5’. 
unnamed and, 377-88 

Borrow, George, and the Gypsies, v, 
448 

Borrowing, Emerson on, v, 99-100; 
Shakespeare on, xlvi, 102 

Bors, Sir, in The Holy Grail, at 
the abbey, xxxv, 181-2; birds, 
omen of, 172, 181-2; at Carbonek 
Castle, 218-21; at Cartcloise 
Castle, 200-2; chastity of, 168, 
172; (jalahad and, no, 114, 190- 
I, 218, 225; gentlewoman and, 

176-7; hermit and, 171-2; lady’s 
champion, 172-5; Lancelot and, 
226; Lionel and, 176, 183-7; 
civale and, 187-8, 225-6; at Sar- 
ras, 223-4; in ship of Faith, 192, 
200; temptation of, 178-81* visions 
of, 173-4, 182; wounded knight 
rescued by, 207 

Borsiere, (juglielmo, xx, 69 and 
note 4 

Bortolo, in The Betrothed (see 
Castagneri), xxi 

Bos, Abbe du, on painting and 
poetry, xxiv, 54 

Bosanquet, F. C. T., reviser ov 
Pliny, ix 

Bosola, Daniel de, in Duchess or 
Malfi, Antonio and, xlvii, 740, 
746-8, 810-11; Cardinal and, 722- 
3, 799-800, 805-6, 812-14; Cas- 

truccio and, 737*8; death of, 815; 
Delio and, 769; Duchess and. 
727*8, 739, 741-2, 744, 762-3, 764- 
7 . 773 - 4 . 775 * 6 , 777*80, 785*6. 

792-3; Ferdinand and, 728-30, 
756*7, 769, 776-7, 780-1, 789*92, 
797-8, 814; Julia and, 800-2; old 
lady and, 738-9, 743-4 

Bosquet, M., on cirripedes, xi, 
357 

Bossu, Le, epic code of, xxxix, 405; 
on heroes of poetry, xiii, 24 

Bossuet, on Cromwell, xxxix, 396; 
Sainte-Beuve, History of, xxxii, 
131-2; Taine on, xxxix, 452 

Bostock, Mr., Walton on, xv, 414, 
422-3 

Boston Hymn, xlii, 1313-16 

Boston News-Letter, Franklin on, 
i, 20 

Boswell, James, remarks on Life 
of Johnson, by, xxvii, 164; Burns 
on, vi, 327 note i; Thackeray on, 
xxviii, 7 


10 



Index of Authors. Index of First Lines. Index of Titles. 

The following specimen pages are taken from the indexes of a book entitled 
‘‘Every Day in the Year/’ compiled by James Ford. Each index refers to a’ 
poem by H. C. Banner, entitled “The Last of the New Year’s Callers,”the first 
line of which is, “The door is shut— I think the fine old face.” 

Consult the “author index” and tell how many other poems by the same 
author are included in the book. 

All first line indexes are arranged with reference to the very first word of the 
line, even though that word be an article, as “The,” “A,” or “An;” words fol¬ 
lowing an article are in sub-alphabetical order. Find the first line, “The door 
is shut- I think the fine old face,” in the “index of first lines,” in the first column 
of page 12, and give the page referred to. 

A “title index” always disregards the article. Find the title of this poem, 
“The Last of the New Year’s Callers,” in the “title index” in the second column of 
page 12, and tell how the entry indicates that the title properly begins with “The.” 


Specimen Entry from Ford: Every Day in the Year 

Copyrighted by Dodd, Mead & Company 


INDEX OF AUTHORS. 


Addison, Joseph...,.,.. 38 

Alcott, Louisa M. 152 

Aldrich, Thomas B.313, 390 

Alexander, Cecil F. 258 

Alston, Joseph Blynth. 113 

Anonymous: 

(From London Punch ) . 16 

(From London Punch ) . 17 

. 19 

(From London Punch ) . 35 

(From London Punch ) . 37 

. 57 

iOld Ballad ) . 62 

. 89 

. 100 

(Old Ballad ) . 115 

. 135 

(Old Ballad ) . 143 

(From London Punch ) .166 

. 168 

. 179 

(Old Ballad ) . 188 

. 196 

(From London Punch ) .220 

(Old Ballad ) . 225 

. 226 

(Old Ballad ) . 238 

. 242 

. 260 

. 272 

(Old Ballad ) . 279 

. 283 

(From London Spectator )... 285 

(Old Ballad ) . 303 

. 307 

. 319 

(From Rivington’s Gazette ).. 332 

(From Naval Songster ) .345 

(Old Ballad ) . 351 

.354 

. 867 

. 387 

. 410 

(From Uondon Public Opinion ) 

413 

. 417 

( O'ld Ballad ) . 418 

Arnold, Edwin. 222 

Arnold, Matthew.4, 54, 92, 99, 197 

Askew, Anne. 245 

Austin, Alfred. 126 

Aytoun, W. E. 

43, 45, 75, 123, 168, 256, 287, 301 


Beatty, Pakenham ..216, 417 

Beaumont, Francis. 50, 364 

Becker, (Charlotte. 99 

Bell, Maurice. 207 

Bennett, Henry. 86 

Bensell, James Berry.221 

Benton, Joel.44, 387 


i3l!^ i 1 Of V...KA V Iv IN J-^ ■..•••••••••••••XL/y 

58, 64, 79, 130, 135, 172, 238, 271, 354, 396 

Bierce, Ambrose. 349 

Blackie, John Stuart .203, 284 

Boker, George H. 

53, 144, 164, 176, 193, 234, 297, 361, 391 

Boleyn, Anne. 167 

Bouve, Thomas Tracy. 187 

Bowker, R. R . 255 

Bowles, William Lisle. 33 

Bridges, Robert.276, 374 

Brodie, Erasmus H. 58 

Brown, Irene Fowler. 180 

Browne, Francis F. 254 

Browne, H. J. D. 175 

Browne, Irving. 255 

Brownell, Henry Howard. 257 

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. 

48, 136, 170, 210, 217, 240 

Browning, Robert.7, 104, 134, 184 

Bryant, (Sullen, William. 


58 , 105 , 135 , 154 , 278 
Buckingham, Duke of.— See George 


Villiers. 

Bunner, H. C.3, 74, 137, 192 

Burns, Robert.214, 349 

Burroughs, Althea S. 411 

Byron, Lord.24, 26, 108, 137, 

164, 172, 201, 205, 237, 244, 248, 273, 

276, 307, 320, 323, 332, 362, 363, 403, 406 

Campbell, Thomas.102, 335, 393 

Carman, Bliss.9, 358 

Carryl, Guy Wetmore. 282 

Cary, Phoebe.HI. 273 

Case, Rev. W. 338 

Churchill, Charles. 395 

Clare, John. 167 

Clarke, Joseph I. C.27, 52, 346 

Coleridge, Hartley.99, 348 

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor.192, 255, 288 

Collins, Mortimer. 101 

Collins, William. 290 

CoLLYER, Robert. 339 

Cone, Joe.88 , 190, 318 

CooLBRiTH, In A D.202, 271 


«4 

<< 

<< 

4 < 

41 

41 

44 

<4 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

44 

«C 

41 . 

<( 

44 

44 

44 


11 





























































































Specimen Entry from 
Ford: Every Day in the Year 


Specimen Entry from 
Ford: Every Day in the Year 


Copyrighted by Dodd, Mead & Company 


Copyrighted by Dodd, Mead & Company 


INDEX OF FIRST LINES 429 


436 INDEX OF TITLES 


Stand! the ground’s your own, my braves! 
204. 

States are not great, 342. 

Statesman, I thank thee! and, if yet dissent, 
15. 

Steadfast as sorrow, fiery sad, and sweet, 81. 
Still and dark along the sea, 287. 

Still onward swept the hurricane of strife, 
400. 

Stop Christian passers-by—stop child of God, 
255. 

Stop, Mortal! Here thy brother lies— 390. 
Straight to his heart the bullet crushed; 127. 
Sturdy saint militant, stout genial soul, 35. 
Sweet heart, that no taint of the throne or the 
stage, 372. 

“Sweet is the holiness of Youth”— so felt, 
235. 

Sweet scented flowers on beauty’s grave, 93. 
Swift to the dust descends each honored name, 
68 . 

Sunset and evening star, 329. 

Take away that star and garter— 123. 

Take back into thy bosom, Karth, 147. 

Tell ye the story far and wide, 88. 

That Charles himself might chase, 33. 

That high-gifted man, 237. 

Then came a bloody battle in the clouds— 384. 
The actor’s dead, and memory alone, 192. 

The angel came by night, 411. 

The banner of freedom high floated unfurled. 
351. 

The bark that held a prince went down, 386. 
The billowy headlands swiftly fly, 90. 

The boy stood on the burning deck, 262. 

The branches creaked on the garret roof, 47. 
The breaking waves dashed high, 408. 

The castle clock had tolled midnight, 33. 

The captain of the Shannon came sailing up 
the bay, 187. 

The cold hands call upon abysmal Gloom: 
141. 

The Danube to the Severn gave, 310. 

The door is shut—I think the fine old face, 

3. 

The fan no longer flutters, 327. 

The figure that thou here seest put, 134. 

The first great fight of the war is fought! 142. 
The forest leaves lay scattered cold and dead, 
343. 

The fourteenth of July had come, 243. 

The ghostly wind of Weber’s northern pines, 

66 . 

“The glorious days of September, 298. 

The guardian pines upon the hill, 300. 

The guns are hushed. On every field once 
flowing, 180, 

The heart of Merrie England sang in thee, 

354. 

The heart leaps with the pride of their story. 
229. 

The last and greatest Herald of Heaven’s 
King, 217. 

The lightning rends the goodly tree, 97. 

The Man who fiercest charged in fight, 157. 
The morning of the launch was fair and 
bright, 138. 

Thy marvelous genius, perfect as the sun, 
242. 

The news frae Moidart cam’ yestreen, 262. 

The New-World’s sweetest singer! Time may 
lay, 64. 

The play is done—the curtain drops, 415. 


In Memoriam—J. O. A. B. Watrous 327 

In Memoriam—Prince Leopold 

H. Halloran 97 
In Memory of Barry Cornwall 

A. C. Swinburne 326 
In Memory of Lewis Carroll 

From London Punch 17 
In Memory of Walter Savage Landor 

A. C. Swinburne 311 
In the Land Where VV'e Were 

Dreaming . D. B. Lucas 113 

In the Round Tower at Jhansi 

C. G. Rossetti 193 

Inkerman. R. C. Trench 362 

Inscription for a Monument at 

VTmeiro. R. Southey 283 

International Episode, An. C. Duer 85 

I Remember, I Remember. T. Hood 169 

Ivry . T. B. Macaulay 82 

J. B. H. C. Bunner 192 

Jackson at New Orleans. W. Rice 12 

James McCosh. R. Bridges 374 

Jeflferson Davis. H. L. Peck 388 

Jena. F. S. Saltus 339 

John A, Andrews. L. C. Moulton 358 

John Brown. Ironquill 342 

John George Nicolay. R. W. Gilder 321 

John Henry Newman. B. Gosse 272 

John Mitchell. J. B. O’Reilly 91 

Joseph Rodman Drake. F. Halleck 316 

Judas The Second. F. S. Saltus 73 


Kearsarge, The.7. 7. Roche 36 

Keats. C. L. Betts 58 

Keats. B. H. Brodie 58 

Keenan’s Charge. G. P. Lathrop 145 

Kidnapping of Sims, The.7. Pierpont 197 

Killing of Macbeth (Macbeth, Act 

V, Scene 8). W. Shakespeare 394 

Kilmarnock’s Lament. Old Ballad 279 

King Henry V at Harfleur (Henry 

V, Act III, Scene 1)..B^. Shakespeare 312 
Kinship of the Celt, The... 7. I. C. Clarke 346 

Kitchen May-Day Song. Old Ballad 143 

Kitty Clive. C. Churchill 395 


Lady Franklin. BHaabeth Whittier 196 

Lady Penelope Clifton. F. Beaumont 354 

Lament for Sir Philip Sidney. M. Roy den 330 
Lament of Anne Boleyn on the Eve 

of Her Execution. A. Boleyn 167 

Lamentable Ballad of the Bloody 

Brook, The. .B. B. Hale 306 

Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in 

New England, The. F. Hemans 408 

Last Ciesar, The.T. B. Aldrich 390 

Last of the New Year’s Callers, The 

H. C. Bunner 3 

Latimer and Ridley. W. Wordszvorth 343 

Laud. W. Wordsworth 15 

Laundiing of Cortez’ Ships, The 
(From “The Conquest of Mexico”) 

K. Cormvallis 138 

Laus Deo.7. G. Whittier 35 

Lay of the Brave Cameron, The 

7. S. Blackie 203 

Lead, Kindly Light.7. H. Newman 203 

Leconte de Lisle. B. Gosse 246 

Leonidas. G. Croly 268 

Lillian Adelaide Neilson.C. Scott 277 

Little Church Round the Corner, The 

A. B. Lancaster 407 

Little Dead Prince, A.D, M. Craik 177 

Lines . P. B. Shelley 150 


12 










































Concordances 


A concordance is simply a very complete index, confined to words used by 
an author. It is designed to help one to find just where a quotation occurs in 
an author’s work, even though only a part of the quotation is known. Cru- 
den s Concordance to the Bible was the first concordance ever published (1737). 

A few very prominent authors such as Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Milton, 
Tennyson, have individual concordances for their works. 

Books of quotations collected from many authors usually have a very com¬ 
plete index of all important words in the quotations selected. 

Among the many good books of quotations there are at least two with which 
one should be familiar: 


Bartlett: Familiar Quotations. 

Quotations are collected under authors. Some Bible quotations are 
included. 

Hoyt: Cyclopaedia of Quotations. 

Quotations are collected under subjects. Bible quotations are 
omitted. 


A new and enlarged edition of Hoyt, including quotations from recent 
authors, has lately been issued. Many quotations from the Bible are included 
in the new edition. 

The pages which follow are inserted to illustrate how a concordance is to be 
used. They are taken from the old edition of Hoyt. 

Imagine one wishing to find the author of the quotation: 

“Hark! hark! the lark at heaven’s gate sings.” 


If the author is not known, a book of miscellaneous quotations should be 
consulted, though the quotation may or may not be found in such a collection. 
It can always be found in the author’s complete concordance, in case the author 
is known, and a concordance of his works has been published. It is difficult, 
however, to use a very full concordance, because of the many entries. 

This quotation can be found in a number of collections. Specimen entries 
from HoyVs Cyclopaedia of Quotations are reproduced. Any leading word may 
be selected to look under; hark ^ heaven’s, lark, gate or sings. The page containing 
the word lark is the one used for illustrative purposes. 


13 


Notice on the specimen page from the index, which follows, that the catchwords 
under lark are in sub-alphabetical order, and that the word lark is not always 
repeated, but is frequently represented by the letter “1.” Under lark, sub- 
alphabetical order “the lark,” the third catch words are in alphabetical order. 
Find the catch words, “the 1. at,” give the page referred to, and the letter fol¬ 
lowing the page. The letter “h” after 49 refers to the position of the quotation 
on page 49. The asterisk (*) indicates that the quotation is from the author 
indicated by the asterisk (*) at the bottom of the page. Give his name. What 
author is indicated by **? Notice signs at the bottom of the page used for 
other authors. 

A specimen entry from page 49 of HoyVs Cyclopaedia of Quotations is 
given on page 16 of this pamphlet. Turn to it and notice that the quotations are 
lettered in order, from “a” to “s”, just before the author’s name. Also notice 
that the authors are in alphabetical order, beginning with “AI” “Milton.” 
Shakespeare’s name, being so familiar, is not printed; but quotations from his 
works come under ‘S” sub-alphabetical by titles of the plays. Find “h” and 
give the act, scene, and line from which this quotation comes in a song in the 
play of Cymbeline. All of the quotations on this page from Hoyt refer to what 
subject and what division of it as indicated at the top of the page? 

Turn again to the index under lark, sub-alphabetical “up springs the lark, 
shrill,” and give the letter on page 49 under which the quotation is placed. Turn 
to the specimen entry of page 49, find the quotation, and give the author, poem, 
and line cited. By a similar method find the authors, poems and lines for the 
following quotations: 

“Sky-poised lark.” 

“Gentle lark, weary of.” 

Under the word “language” in the index, sub-alphabetical “w,” find “with 
no language but a cry,” and find the author’s name which is at the bottom of the 
page, preceding the sign indicated. 

% 

Trace the following in a similar way: 

“Old landlord’s hospitable door.” 

“Stick to the last” (not your). 

“Nothing is too late, till the.” 


14 


A Specimen Entry from the Index to 
Hoyt’s Cyclopaedia of Quotations 

Copyrighted by Funk & Wagnalls Company 

LAND. LAUGH. 


989 


slaves—in a land of light.. .560 h 
stories from the 1. of spirits383 d 

sweet land of liberty.469 n 

that travel by 1. or by water607 o 
the 1. is dearer for the sea. .460 e 

the land of scholars... 115 71 

the land of shadows .344 o 

the land of the free.468 / 

the land retains it never.. .459 n 

the land’s betray’d±.390 b 

they love their land.118 e 

to fight for such a land.469 k 

to the use of land.184 o 

what 1. is this? yon pretty§. 97 t 
when many a subject landH 99 a 
without the use of land... .338 v 
Landlady-the 1. and Tam .. .271aa 

Landlord-1.’s laugh was.340 k 

old l.’s hospitable doorj;. ...484w 

Landmark-1, of a new§.131 c 

Landmarks-at once, and 1.. . 67 d 

life hath set no 1.348 s 

Lands-have roam’d o’er.379771 

know the lands are lit.229 o 

lauds not yet laid down§... 90 c 
lands were fairly portioned627 k 
leads to thel. where sorrow568 y 
let other lands, exulting.. .266 x 

the union of lands.6277?i 

though not of lands. 112 n 

to northern lands, again...391 6 

to shine in other lands.192 I 

Landscape-a soft 1. of mild.||.655 h 
darkens the landscape o’er§261 g 

eternal 1. of the pastt.466 p 

golden wand o’er the l.§.. .585 n 

o’er the darken’d 1.** .99 r 

1. lay as if new created^... .542 n 
landscape tire the view... 410 s 

thing in a landscape.549 o 

Landsmen-list, ye 1. all, to..446 b 
Lane-lane where there is no.376 g 
the wonders of the lane.. ..614 b 
Lanes-among the crooked 1. .323 k 
in the leafy 1. andby-paths§ 32 t 
Language-accent is the soul.775 c 
attempts to use language..720 g 

Chatham’s 1. was his.486 g 

confound the 1 . of the.3897<; 

enlargement of the 1.514/ 

entrance iutothe language.606 o 
eyeshaveonel.everywhere505 b 

in language plain .. .450 g 

in theological language... .520 s 
language! have liv’d in*..3.53 k 
1. in her eye, her cheek*. ...339 z 

1. in their very gesture*_340 d 

1. is a city to the building..339 u 
language is fossil poetry . .339 v 
1. is only the instrument.. .339 x 
1. is the expression of ideas -340 g 
language of another world i|415 j 

language of mankind§.405 t 

1. of their farm field spoke.340 h 

language of truth is.747 k 

language of truth issimple748 / 

1 . quaint and olden§.218 r 

1. spoken by angels§.405 

language the actors spoke.520 r 

1 . wherewith springt.226 e 

1. yet with us abode.574 s 

learning me your 1.*.340 / 

love’s truest language,. . 216 / 

might the language be.90 I 

mystic language bears.2197W 

nature’seudof 1. isdeclined340 i 
noble and expressive 1. .. 447 c 

no language but a cryt.32 A: 

retain an identity of 1.340 g 

speaKs a various language.410 j 

strangled hisl. in his*.591 n 

sweet tears! che a tvful 1... .591 g 

tears are the silent 1.592 r 

the Eternal’s language§—255 n 
those lips had language... .346 ti 

to his 1. the license to.665 a 

with no language but aery t372 s 


you taught me language*..340 / 
Languaged-well 1. Danyel.. .339 a 
Languages-agreat feast of 1. *514 7 

1. are no more than the.353 c 

1. especially the dead!.341 s 

silent in seven languages . .554 v 
speaks three or four 1.*....353 I 
well worth all languages in 92 g 
Languish-relieve my 1., and.561 e 
Languor-1, is a punishment. .313 p 
make 1 . smile, and smoothj: 11 a 

Lantern-bear you the 1.*. 84 q 

in thy dark I. thus close**..416 n 

lantern the moon.267 a 

lantern to my feet *.275 s 

the lantern of the night... .397 i 

Lanterns-king made 1.421 o 

Laocoon-say of the L. how . .452 k 
Lap-and lap it in Elysium**.557 j 
drop into thy mother’s 1 .** 10 s 

Earth’s prolific lap .237 o 

fill your lap and filllf.2457/1 

in her full lap.224 i 

in my mother’s lap**.149 i 

lap dogs breathe their last j:209 h 
1. me in soft Lydian airs**.406 d 

lap of autumn bloom.245 / 

strew the green lap*.249 i 

sun had long since in the 1.584 p 

upon the lap of earth .379 c 

Lapidary-in 1. inscriptions a.419 e 
Lapland-lovely as a Laplandt 12 I 
Lapse-since thy original 1.**. 1/i 

to lapse in fulness*.199 t 

Lapwing-a 1. by th’ avenging 48 g 

Beatrice like a 1. runs*.48 ji' 

desert-walks the 1. flies.48 i 

lapwjmge full of trecherye. h 
Larcenous-play her 1. tricks..6.54 u 

Larch-1, has hung all his.614 o 

tuft the larcht. 59 e 

Lard-they 1. their lean books.474 I 
Larded-nuts 1. many swine. .616 h 
so larded with my matter*.449 b 
Larder-keeps our larder lean. 23 c 
Large-heaven not so large as.297 n 

large enough for me.297 n 

twice as large, measured.. .101 I 

Largeness-abound ini.96 J 

largeness of his head.246 e 

Larger-1 than this we leave. 132 e 

Lark-gentle 1., weary of*.49 k 

in lark and nightingale.49 b 

it is the lark that sings*.... 49 i 

I took this lark for a.49i/i 

it was the lark, the herald* 49 j 
1 . becomes a sightless songt610 j 
1. beside the dreary winter.. 135 i 

1. left his ground nest**-48 r 

lark that singest like.159 r 

merry lark was up.135 i 

nightingale and not the 1.*. 52 b 
no lark so blithe as he..... .110 b 
none but the lark so shrill.. 48 q 
note of lark and linnet§... .117 h 

rise with the lark.38 e 

rise with the lark and with.5037r 
sing as sweetly as the 1.* ... 44m 

sing so like a lark*. 55 c 

soars within the little lark.. 48 k 
sky-poised 1.” Hark—hark. 49 c 

the 1. at heaven’s gate*. 49 h 

the lark begin his flight**.. 49 a 

the lark now leaves his. 48 77 

the lark sung loud, the .. 49 q 
the lark that shuns on lofty. 49 r 
the merry lark he soars.... 487/7 
the morning sky the lark. ..44.5 r 
to rise with the 1., and go.. .507 w 

wak’d by the lark*.400 y 

wakes the lark to sing.51 r 

will soar above the*. 47 77 

up springs the lark, shrill.. 49 p 
Larks-catch larks if ever the. 252 g 
mounting 1., while Daphnet 49 d 
think we may have larks. .,167 e 
Larkspur-larkspur listenst...366 r 


Larkspurs-1. many hued.219 / 

Larums-loud 1., neighing*.. .659 e 
Lashed-lash’d into Latin by. ..353 g 
Lashes-an’ teary roun’ theft.590 te 
1. are the herbs that look.. .191 p 

Underneath their long.194 a 

Lass-and a lass is good.280 I 

a penniless 1. wi’ a lang.657 w 

drink to the lass .604 r 

give him his 1. his fiddle_78 s 

here’s a health to the lass. .604 ^ 
Lasses-then she made the 1. ..6.547<; 

Lassitude-a pleasing 1.560 I 

Last-after 1. returns the.101 b 

although the last not least*49.5 j 

beauteous race the last.. . .229 d 
comes 1. is commonly best.474/// 
ever look to his last day.. ..690 / 

eyes, look your last*.139 / 

for your last day.738 o 

I am the last of my race.. .764 I 
I drain should be my last.. .142 b 

is no last nor first.273 s 

joys too exquisite to last.. .329 s 
1. at his cross, and earliest.6.54 /• 

1. day places man in the_690 h 

1. extend the shoe too wide.4.53 b 

last, not least in love*.364 w 

last of all the Romans*.287 c 

1. piece of good fortune-7()6 p 

1. some people twice the... ,524 i 

last till doomsday*.458 v 

last to lay the old asidej:.. .212 ti 

on his last legs.502///t 

pleas’d to the 1. he cropsf. .475 r 
shines upon you is the last.738 n 

stick to the last ft.285 g 

stick to your last.680 p 

th’ approaches of the 1.110 j 

that man may last.319 77 

the 1. is inferior to the.679 / 

thel. still loveliest, tillll—624 g 

though last not least.506 5 

Lasting-nothing can be 1.737 o 

Latch-gentle hand was at the644(7a 
leaves it upon thelatch§.. ..135/a 
lifts the 1. and enters with. 9 a 

the latch is fast. 4\5 k 

to lift the latch, and force. .539 b 
Latches-rural latches to his* 126 j 
Latchets-1. of his sandal§... 187 b 
Late-better late than never. .496 g 
comfort comes too late* —100 n 
he comes too 1. that comes.594 a 
joy 1. coming late departs. .329 j 
1. and soon getting andt—669 t 

late, but seriously.804 h 

1., so 1. I but. we can entert.147 o 

lived an age too late.287 j 

love that comes too late*. .362 r 
nothing is tool, till the§. ..147 I 
see thee now, though late..409//7 
sorrow never comes too 1.. .582 o 
to-day itself’s too 1.—the...605 k 
too 1.1 stayed—forgive the.603 p 
white rose weeps, she ist. ..366 r 
you come L, yet you come.791 g 

Latest-1, spoken still are.664 c 

my latest found**.645 / 

Latin-good my lord, no Latin*353 k 
Greek and L. speaks with. .353 / 

he speaks Latin*.35^3 i 

lash’d into Latin by the... .3.53 ;; 

L. was no more difficile-353 d 

small L. and less Greek-550 n 

that soft bastard Latin||... .353 e 

Latin-bred-L-b. woman.495 k 

Latitude-which have a 1.263 a 

Lattice-through his 1. peeped.369 d 
through the wreathed 1.... 56 / 
Laud-we 1. and magnify^—486 3 
Laudable-harm, is often 1.*.. 5 / 

Lauding-sing we 1. and.165 i 

Laugh-and its dread laugh.. .341 g 
and laugh us into sense... ,341 h 
angels 1., too, at the good. .340 q 
a rippling laugh and out ... 4S k 


Shakkspeare * ; Milton ** ; Wordsworth t; Byron H ; Tennyson t; Lowell ft; Pope t ; Longfellow 


15 










































































































specimen Entry from 
Hoyt’s Cyclopaedia of Quotations 

Copyrighted by Funk & Wagnalls Company 
BIRDS—1.AIIK. BIRDS—LARK. 


To hear the lark begin his flight, 

And singing startle the dull Night, 

From his watch-tower in the skies, 

Till the dappled dawn doth rise. 
a. Milton — L' Allegro. L. 41. 

The bird that soars on highest wing, 

Builds on the ground her lowly nest; 

And she that doth most sweetly sing. 

Sings in the shade when all things rest: 

Li lark and nightingale we see 
What honor hath humility. 
h. Montgomery — Humility^ 

I said to the sky-poised Lark : 

“ Hark—hark! 

Thy note is more loud and free 
Because there lies safe for thee 
A little nest on the ground.” 

c. D. M. !Mulock — A Rhyme About Birds. 

No more the mounting larks, while Daphne 
sings. 

Shall, list’ning, in mid-air suspend their wings. 

d. I’oPE— Pastorals. Winter. L. 53. 

O earliest singer! 0 care-charming bird ! 
Married to morning, by a sweeter hymn 
Than priest e’er chanted from his cloister dim 
At midnight,—or veiled virgin’s holier word 
At sunrise or the paler evening heard. 

e. Adel.\ide Procter — The Flood of 

Thessaly. 

O happy skylark springing 
Up to the broad, blue sky. 

Too fearless in thy winging. 

Too gladsome in thy singing. 

Thou also soon shalt lie 
Where no sweet notes are ringing. 

/. Christin.v G. Rossetti —Gone Forever. 

S\. 2. 

The sunrise wakes the lark to sing. 

g. Christin.\ G. Rossetti — Bird Raptures. 

L. 1. 

Hark ! hark ! the lark at heaven’s gate sings. 
And Phoebus ’gins arise. 

His steeds to water at those springs 
On chalic’d flowers that lies. 

h. Cymbeline —Act II. Sc. 3. Song. 

‘ L. 21. 

It is the lark that sings so out of tune, 
Straining harsh discords and unplcasing 
sharps. 

i. Romeo and Juliet — Act III. Sc. a. 

L. 27. 

It was the lark, the herald of the morn. 

j. Romeo and Juliet —Act III. Sc. 5. 

L. G. 

Lo ! here the gentle lark, weary of rest. 

From his moist cabinet mounts up on high. 
And wakes the morning, from whose silver 
breast 

The sun ariseth in his majesty, 
fc. Venus and Adonis —L. 853. 

4 


Some say, that ever ’gainst that season cornea 
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated. 

The bird of dawning singeth all night long: 
And then, they say, no spirit dare stir 
abroad ; 

The nights are wholesome; then no planets 
strike. 

No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to 
charm. 

So hallow’d and so gracious is the time. 

1. Hamlet —Act I. Sc. 1. L. 158. 

Then my dial goes not true; I took this lark 
for a bunting. 

m. All's Well That Ends Well —Act II. 

Sc. 5. L. 5. 

Better than all measures 
Of delightful sound. 

Better than all treasures 
That in books are found. 

Thy skill to poet wei’e, thou scorner of the 
ground ! 

n. Shelley — To a Skylark. 

• 

Sound of vernal showers 
On the twinkling grass, 

Rain-awakened flowers. 

All that ever was 

Joyous, and clear, and fre.sli, thy music doth 
surpass. 

0. Shelley —To a Skylark. 

Up springs the lark, 

Shrill-voiced, and loud, tlie messenger of 
morn ; 

Ere yet the shadows fly, he mounted sings 
Amid the dawning clouds, and from 
haunts 

Calls up the tuneful nations. 

p. Tho.mson — The Seasons. Sprbig. 

L. 5S7. 

The lark sung loud ; the music at his heart 
Had called him early ; upward straight he 
went. 

And bore in nature’s quire the merriest part, 
As to the lake’s broad shore my steps I hent. 

q. Cu.\RLES Tennyson Turner— Sonnet. 

A/j April Pay. 

Tlie lark that shuns on lofty boughs to build 
Her humble nest, lies silent in the field. 

r. Edmund Waller — Of the Queen. 

Ethereal minstrel! pilgrim of the sky ! 

Dost thou despise the earth where cares 
abound ? 

Or, while the wings aspire, are heart and eye 
Both with thy nest upon the dewy ground ? 
Thy nest which thou canst drop into at will, 
Those quivering wings composed, that music 
still! 

s. Wordsworth —Poems o f the 

Imagination. To a Skylark, 


16 






Questions for 

Parts of a Book; Concordances 

Note; Numbers in margin at right of questions below, give values on scale of 100%. 

1—a. Where is the copyright date usually entered in a book? 

b. From what office, located where, is a copyright secured? 

c. If the date below the publisher’s name is later than the copyright date, has the book as a 

whole been revised, or merely reprinted at the later date?.5 each=15 


2— In what part of a book does an author usually state his reasons for writing it?.=5 

3— Where is the index usually placed when the work is in: 

a. One volume? 

b. In two or more volumes?. 5 each=10 


4—Is an index always in one alphabet, or are there sometimes 
needs?. 


separate indexes for separate 
.=5 


5— “The royal feast was done,” is the first line of a poem by James Rowland Sill, the title of 

which is “The Fool’s Prayer.” To what word in alphabetical order should one turn to 
find the poem through: 

a. A title index? b. An author index? c. A first line index?. .5 each=15 

6— What do the following abbreviations mean: sq. sqq?.=5 

7— What is sometimes used between pages to show that the reference includes all the inter¬ 

vening pages?.=5 

8— If an index has some special features or abbreviations not common to all indexes, where are 

they usually explained?.=5 

9— a. Where does a general outline of the subject treated in a book appear? 

b. Where should one turn to find some one item in the book?.. 5 each=10 


10—One reference from the specimen page of the index to Lecky’s England in the Eighteenth 
Century reads as follows: 

Whitefield, George: early life and character; II: 600; visits Georgia, 605; in London 
613; character and genius, ib. 


Give the volume and page for the reference “character and genius.”.=5 

y” 

11—What is a concordance?.=5 


12— Under what words would the following quotation from the Bible be entered in a good 

Bible concordance? “The price of wisdom is above rubies.”.=5 

13— If a quotation by Alexander Pope is desired, would it be better to use Bartlett’s Quotations 

orjHoyt’s? Why?.=5 


14—If a quotation on the subject of friendship is desired, would it be better to use Bartlett’s 
Quotations or Hoyt’s and why?.=5 
















Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required Feature of the Regular English Course 

Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicate its value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, students are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate for passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work in the library pamphlet for that course has been completed, 
the fact will be established in the student’s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference books to be as neces¬ 
sary as is training in other educational lines. 


• r 




't >. 

. ■ ■ c . . i 




- ■ ■ . ->;s. 

1 '',^' -A 


1 Vs// 


, I 









Reference Guides 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 


By 

Florence M. Hopkins 

Librarian'^^ 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 



This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Encyclopaedias 


THIRD EDITION 


4 



PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 

REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 
























'2 



The pamphlet on Webster's New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionary. 

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword^ on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 17}^ cents each 
plus carriage, from 

THE WILLARD COMPANY, 

601 West Fort Street, 

DETROIT, MICH. 


NOTE; Arrangements have been made between The G. & C. Merriam Co. and the Willard Co. by means 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New International dictionary can be sold much more cheaply than can the lessons on 
miscellaneous reference books. It is hoped that this plan will make it possible for schools to adopt at once the dictionary 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the first term of high school English work, and the other pamphlets later. 



Foreword 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference Guides That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them, which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for 
high and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 

List of Pamphlets in the Series 

Graded to correspond with High School English Courses 

English 1 — Webster's New International Dictionary. 

English 2—Parts of a book: Concordances. 

English 3 — Encyclopaedias. 

English Jj.—Library classification and card catalogue, 

English 5 — Year-books. 

English 6—Indexes to periodical literature. 

EngHsh 7—Commercial guides. 

English 8—Government publications: city, state, and federal. 

It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools, club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes of failure in the freshman college year: four statements were 
formulated, one of which reads as follows: ^‘Students should be trained to use 
ordinary means of securing information, such as: the table of contents, the index, 
the dictionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readers' Guide to Periodical 
Literature, the newspaper, the informational magazine." It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


1 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 
badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools, each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 
graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 
it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
class work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 

According to the library code for capitalization all words in a title begin with 
a lower case letter instead of with a capital, except the first word, proper nouns, 
and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Certain specimen pages will show 
that some publishers follow this code. 


The follozving paragraphs are taken from the 
Forezvord of the First Edition 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
“Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,’’ from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.” 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

. . . Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 

and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 

Every new student should be required to take 
some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 




Encyclopaedias 

Though all general encyclopaedias have the one purpose of giving some infor¬ 
mation on almost every subject, and of arranging the subjects in alphabetical 
order, yet we should realize that each encyclopaedia has its individual scope. One 
should be alert to such points as the following when consulting encyclopaedias: 

a Methods of dividing large subjects. 

b The probability of a long or of a short article. 

c The effect of the date on the article. 

d Popular or technical treatment of scientific subjects. 

If one were looking for an encyclopaedic article on some city in the United 
States, it would be better to turn to an American Encyclopaedia rather than to 
an English one. 

The word cyclopaedia, practically a synonym of encyclopaedia, is sometimes 
used when a work does not include all subjects, but only topics relating to some 
one subject; Cyclopaedia of engineering, for example. The word dictionary is 
also frequently used, as a Dictionary of music, a Dictionary of medicine, a 
Classical dictionary. 

We are so accustomed to encyclopaedias and dictionaries that it is difficult for 
us to realize that the great reference books which we now have in this form are 
the result of years of experience. The last edition of the Encyclopaedia Britan- 
nica has thirty-two large volumes. The first edition of this work was issued 
by a ‘‘Society of Gentlemen from Scotland,” and appeared about one hundred 
and fifty years ago, in three volumes. The three volumes of the first edition 
were then considered as exhaustive as are now the thirty-two volumes of the 
twelfth edition. 

Alphabetical Order of Articles and Volumes 

The main subjects are usually arranged in alphabetical order, and are readily 
found by means of the letters printed on the outside of the volumes. Consult the 
picture of the Britannica which follows, and notice that the lower line of letters 
on each volume is usually the same as the upper line on the volume following it. 
This is not designed, but it cannot be avoided if only three letters are used, as 
articles are separated with reference to making the volumes approximately the 
same size, and not with reference to the exact alphabetical division of subjects. 
Can one tell from the letters whether Charles I of England' comes in volume V or 
in volume VI? Give the numbers of the volumes which contain articles on the 
following: Turkey; Rome; Abraham Lincoln; Africa. Carefully read the note 
below the illustration. 

The New International Encyclopaedia uses as many letters on the outside of 
the volumes as are necessary to indicate just where in the alphabet the volume 
begins and ends. Notice, in the line near the top of page 5, which represents 


3 



An illustration of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

The 29 volumes in the case show the 11th Edition of the work. 

Notice that the last volume is an Index volume. 

The Three Volumes below cover information for the important decade of 1911-1921 
and bring the earlier 29 volumes practically up to date. 

The 29 volumes and the Three New Volumes make the 12th Edition 

of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

4 


















volumes in the New International Encyclopaedia, that more than three letters 
are used, and that the letters on the bottom line of a volume are not repeated on 
the top line of the volume following it. Can one tell immediately in which volume 
of the New International an article on Charles I of England comes? If only 
three letters, under Cha, were printed on the back, could one tell the exact 


volume for 
with it. 

Charles 

I? This 

plan appears 

1 awkward 

until one 

is familiar 

Vol. I 

Vol. II 

Vol. Ill 

Vol. IV 

Vol. V 

Vol. VI 

Vol. vn 

A 

Archai 

Beed 

Buck 

Chaucer 

Cory 

Domi 

Archae 

Beec 

Buch 

Chat 

Corv 

Dome 

Euth 


Signed Articles 

No matter how well educated a person may be, it would be impossible for him 
to write all of the articles for a good modern encyclopaedia; such a work 
requires the co-operation of hundreds of scholars. The general character 
of the encyclopaedia is under the direction of editors, but the important 
articles are written by specialists in the different subjects. Some of the articles 
in the best encj^clopaedias are so extensive and scholarly that they would 
make good standard books on the subjects, if they were published in book form. 
As we are not apt to regard the authors of articles in an encyclopaedia as seriously 
as we do authors of books, we are in danger of losing a full realization of the fact 
that the value of encyclopaedias as well as of books is determined largely by their 
authors. In a book, the author’s name appears on the title page; in an encyclo¬ 
paedia, the name is usually given at the end of the article, or at the front of the 
volume in which his contribution appears. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the 
author’s initials appear at the end of the article, and his full name at the front of the 
volume; in the New International Encyclopaedia the name of the author or editor 
appears in the Table of Contents at the front. When the authors of important 
articles in encyclopaedias are given, the encyclopaedia is said to contain signed 
articles. Articles of minor importance are not usually written by specialists, and 
are therefore not signed. No encyclopaedia can be of high standing which 
does not contain a fair percentage of articles which are either written or edited 
by signed authorities. 


Best Books Listed: Bibliography 

An encyclopaedic article is not an exhaustive treatise of the subject consulted, 
but simply a general outline of it, more or less complete according to the purpose 
of the editors. However, after the general treatment, in good encyclopaedias, the 
reader is frequently referred to the best books and articles which have been written 
upon the subject, in case he wishes to read more about it. When such a list 
of references appears, it is given in the last paragraph under the article, and is headed 
by one of the following words, or its equivalent: Consult; Authorities; References; 
See; Literature; Bibliography. Illustrations will be given later by means of 
specimen entries. Learn to spell Bibliography. 


5 


Important Encyclopaedic Features 
Illustrated by Specimen Entries 

Three important modern encyclopaedias have been selected to illustrate general 
and special encyclopaedic features: 

Encyclopaedia Britannica—32 volumes 

New International Encyclopedia—24 volumes and year-books 
Nelson Perpetual Loose-leaf Encyclopedia—12 volumes 
The Americana Encyclopaedia is an excellent work; no specimen 
page is taken from it. 


Encyclopaedia Britannica 
Index Feature 

One cannot use the Encyclopaedia Britannica to the best ad,vantage without 
thoroughly understanding its very exhaustive index. The index to the eleventh 
edition is so extensive that it requires an entire volume. Every item of any 
importance whatsoever which has been mentioned anywhere in any of the 
volumes of the set, is listed in this index in alphabetical order, and is followed by 
the volume and page which gives information concerning the topic. This 
encyclopaedia is printed with two columns on a page. An “sl” after a page in the 
index indicates that the information begins in the upper half of the first column 
of that page; ‘T” refers to the lower half of the first column; “c’’ to the upper 
half of the second column; and “d” to the lower half of the second column. 


To illustrate: 


“a” 


refers to upper section 
of 1st column. - 


“b” refers to lower section 
of 1st column.- 


“c” refers to upper section 
<- of 2nd column. 


“d” refers to loicer section 
<- of 2nd column. 


These letters, a, b, c, d, do not appear on the pages of the Encyclopaedia. 


A specimen entry from the index to the Encyclopaedia Britannica is inserted on 
the following page. Consult it, and give the volume, page, column and part of 
the column for the first reference under Architecture. Give the same for the 
second and third references mentioned under Architecture. Notice that in the 
references which follow, the articles are under countries and topics, beginning 
with Abyssinian, and that they are sub-arranged in alphabetical order. Find 
Hittite remains, and give the volume, page, column and part of column in which 
the reference concerning them begins. 

The volume which follows the first reference given under any subject in the 
index always refers to the main article on that subject. Main articles can be 
found more readily by means of the letters on the backs of the volumes than by 
means of the index, but information which is scattered under a number of different 
headings, or which is not important enough to have a separate heading of its own, 
can best be found through the index. Turn back to the picture of the complete set 
of the Britannica and, by means of the letters on the outside of the volumes, 

6 








specimen Entry from the Index of the 
Encyclopaedia Britannica 


Archibald (the Grim): see 
Douglas, Archibald Douglas, 
earl of. 

—, Sir Adams G. 5-160c. 

—, E. D. : caesium 4-944c ; 
kites 18-280a. 

Archibald, La. 17-54 (Cl). 

Archibuteo lagopus : see 

Rough-legged buzzard. 

Archicamerarius : sceErzkam- 
merer. 

Arclii-cancellarius : see Arch- 
chancellor. 

Archicardium 16-123di 

Archicembalo 21-564a; 6- 

469b. 

Archichlamydeae : see Chori- 
petalae. 

Archicoele 23-759b. 

Archidamian War 21-73a. 

ARCHIDAMUS I. (of Sparta) 

2-367a. 

— II. 2-367a : 21-73b. 

— III. 2-367b ; 14-881a. 

— IV. 2-367b ; 25-612d. 

_2-367c. 

Arch'idesraus 8-128b. 

Archidiaconal court 2-359c. 

Archidium 4-707c. 

Archidona, Ec. 8-911 (C2) ; 

2O-270a. 

—, Sp. 25-530 (C4) ; popula¬ 
tion 17-460b. 

Archie, Mo. 18-608 (B3). 

Archiesto wn, Scot. 24-412 (E2). 

Archigallus (priest) 12-402b. 

Archigenes 18-44b ; surgical 
writings 26-127a. 

Archigetes 26-408a: 26-408b. 

Archiguiana 28-1007c. 

ARCHIL 2-367C : 16-583d ; 8- 
744c. 

ArchiUion, Ark. 2-552 (F2). 

ARCHILOCHUS 2-307d, 24- 
228b ; elegy 12-509d ; Gyges 
legend 12-751a; Homer’s 
influence 13-6326 ; Horace’s 
dependence 13-688C; metri¬ 
cal innovations 27-1044c, 

12-509C. 9-707d, 25-1042b. 

ARCHIMANDRITE 2-368b. 

“ .4rchim6de ” (submarine) 24- 
921b. 

Archimedean solids 22-28c. 

— spiral 25-692b, 6-964d. 

ARCHIMEDES (mathema¬ 
tician) 2-368b ; conic sec¬ 
tions 6-94fld ; hydro¬ 
mechanics 14-115a: language 
12-499a; line defined 16- 
721a; mechanics 24-399a ; 
mensuration of cone 6-897b; 
quadrature of circle 6-384o ; 
sphere 25-647c; Syracuse 
siege 10-681d, 22-651d. 

Archimedes (fossil) 5-311b. 

*’ Archimedes ” (ship) 24-869d. 

Archimedes, Principle of 14- 
117d. 

ARCHIMEDES, SCREW OF 2- 
369c ; 7-53a. 

Archin (measure) 28-491a. 

Archinard, L. 24-642d. 

Archinephros 14-255d. 

Archinne (measure) 28-490a ; 
28-491a. 

Archinus (author) 18-41d. 

Archipallium 4-407d. 

ARCHIPELAGO 2-369c. 

—, The, Asia M. 2-760 (C5 & 

, A3-B4) : see also Aegean 

' Sea 

Archiplata 20-585c. 

Archipoeta: see Golias,Bishop. 

Archipolypoda 2e-10I7d. 

ARCHIPPUS (Athenian poet) 
2-369d. 

—- (bibl.) 21-375a. 

ArchipresbytAr 7-896c. 

Archipropheta (Grimald) 8- 
518c. 

Archipterygium 14-251d ; 14- 
259d. 

Archispirostreptus 18-472c. 

Architarbus 2-310b. 

Architects, Royal Institute of 
British 10-43d : 25-316d, 

Architeclura, De (Vitruvius) 28- 
150d. 

ARCHITECTURE 2-369d ; 4- 
762b ; 10-363C ; Abyssinian 
12-232a: Coptic 2-391b ; 
Central American (ancient) 
5-677d ; design 8-95d ; de¬ 
velopment in England 9- 
521b; domestic: see House; 
English 19th-century ideals 
2 - 436b ; Gothic revival, 
English and French 2-432a ; 
Greek revival (19th cent.) 
2-427b ; Hittite remains 13- 
537a: Mexican aboriginal 
buildings 5-441b ; modern 
2-427a : Parthian 2-380d ; 
Pompeian buildings 22-55a ; 
Renaissance 2-408a ; Roman 
25-591d: societies 25-316d; 
Syrian 2-389b, 26-309a; 

terracotta 26-657d ; Vitru- 
■cins'influence 28-150d. See 


also under ancient civiliza¬ 
tions and leading modern 
countries. 

Architecture, Chief Oroundes of 
(Shute) 2-418b ; 15-115c. 
Architecture,,Collegeof 7-169a. 
Architektonik (Lambert) 15- 
666c. 

Architeuthis 7-675b; 5-701c; 
24-561a. 

ARCHITRAVE 2-444c; 15- 

481b ; Doric 20-177c ; Ionic 

20- 178c; Roman-Doric 20» 
179c. 

ARCHIVE 2-444c; 13-531c. 
Archives Nationales, Paris 2- 
415b. 

Archiv fur paihologische Ana- 
tomie und Physiologic 28- 
110a. 

Arclnvio gloltolopico italiano 2- 

Archivio Storico Italiano 14- 
912a: 21-160b; 20-686(L 
ARCHIVOLT 2-444C. 

Archizoea gigas 26-906d. 

Arch limb (geol.) 10-598a. 
Archlute 17-132d : 25-1039a. 
Archodus 14-267c. 

ARCHON (ancient) 2-444c ; 2- 
841d ; judicial functions 
12-504a (foil.), 12-503a; 
Pericles’ measures 21-146a. 

— (medieval and modern) 12- 
464a, 12-464d ; in Sardinia 
24-216d. 

— (Gnosticism) 12-154d. 
Archonides (of Herbita) 12- 

.829c: 25-26C. 

Archontici 12-155d ; 14-865c. 
Archornithes 20-325b. 
Archous, canal, Asia M.: see 
Arakhat. 

ARCHPRIEST 2-446a. 
Archuleta Co., Colo. 6-722 (C4). 
ARCHYTAS 2-446a, 22-699a ; 
duplication of cube 7-606d ; 
flying inventions l-261d, 3- 
48c, i5-839c. 

Arci, Henry d’ 2-34a (foil.). 
Arcia, Braz. 20-7 5 9c, 
Arcioentrous 14-258b. 

Arcidae 16-122a ; 16-120c. 
Arcifera 3-523d ; 3-526b ; dis¬ 
tribution 3-528c, 23-1013b, 
.Arcimboldus (legate) 25-1052b. 
Arciniega, Sp. 25-530 (Dl). 
Arcisate, It. 26-242 (F5). 
ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, Fr. 2-446c; 

10- 778 (G3): battle (1814) 

19- 232 (map). 

Arc lamp 16-C59a ; 16-065c ; 
enclosed 16-662C ; inverted 
16-665C. 

Arco, Ida. 14-276 (C4), 

—, Minn. 18-550 (A6). 

—, Sp. 25-530 (B3). 

— del Diablo, mt., N.Mex. 19- 
520 (C5). 

Areola, Can. 24-225 (B3). 

—, Ill. 14-304 (D4). 

—, Ind. 14-122 (G2). 
ARCOLA, It. 2-4460: battle 
(1796) ll-192d, 11-190 

(map). 

—, La. 17-54 (b5). 

—, Miss. 18-600 (B2). 

Arcomya 16-124b. 

Arcomyidae 16-12 4b. 

Arcon, Jean Claude d’ ll-942b. 
Arcona, fortress, Ger. l-74a; 

21- 903a: 23-822C. 

—, cape, Ger. 11-808 (Dl). 

“ Arcona ” (cruiser) 24 Slid. 
Arconaia 16-123b. 

Arconce, riv., Fr. 24-199b. 
Arcos, Alonzo de ll-941b. 

—, Rodrigue Ponce de L6on, 
duke d’19-185a ; 17-835b. 
Arcos, pt., Azores 3-83 (II.). 
ARCOS DE LA FRONTERA, 
Sp. 2-446d: 25-530 (C4). 
ARCOSOLlUM2-446d ;5-492c. 
ARCOT, India 2-446d; 14-382 
(1113); Clive’s defence (1851) 
6-532d, 14-407C, 10-724a. 
—, kingdom, India : see Car¬ 
natic. 

—, north, dist., India 2-447a, 
14-382 (H13) ; 14-863d. 

—, south, dist., India 2-447b ; 

14-382 (1113); 14-853d. 

Arc sight 25-63b. 

Arctic, R.I. 23-249 (B-C2). 
ARCTIC, region 2-447c; 21- 
938d ; climate 21 - 955a ; 
explorations 11-629C, 21- 
938d ; flora and fauna 21- 
956c, 11-649C, l-753a: geo¬ 
logy 21-9540 : hydrographic 
basin 2-735d; Ordovician 

20- 236C (map) ; peonies 21- 
956d ; .shore fishes l4-268d ; 
steamer communication 27- 
552c. 

" Arctic ” (liner) 24-886a. 
Arctic Alpine flora 21-780a. 

— fox 10-769d; 5-371d: fur 

11- 349d, ll-348b, ll-356b, 
ll-355d. 


Arctic goose: see Homed 
wavey. 

— gull 25-195d. 

— hare 12-546a. 

Arctic Highlands, glaciers. 
Green. 12-543 (C2). 

— Ocean 21-938 (A-Bl); 21- 

957b; 19-974a; 19-9730 ; 

circulation 21-958b ; drain¬ 
age basin ll-634c ; flora,and 
fauna 21-960a; navigation 
25-12d : Pleistocene 21- 
836c ; shore-fishes 14-268d ; 
temperature and salinity 21- 
958d; whale-fishery 28-572b. 

Arctic oil: see Shark flyer oil. 

— raspberry 28-907a. 

Arctic Red, riv.. Can. 5-160 

(C’2); 17-254d. 

Arctic right-whale: see Green¬ 
land right-whale. 

— sea-cow ; see Rhytlna< 

— sperm oil 20-51b. 

—1 tern 26-646b. 

— willow 21-780b ; 19-833b. 
Arctlctis binturong : see Bin- 

turong. 

Arctiidae : see Tiger-moth. 
ARCTINUS 2-447c: 12-508c ; 
Homer’s influence 13-627c, 

13-032C. 

Arctium : see Burdock. 
Arctooebus calabarensis-: see 
Awantibo. 

Arctocephalus antarctica : see 
Otaria antarctica. 

— australis : see Otaria austra¬ 
lis. 

— forsteri: see Australian sea- 
bear. 

— gazella : see Otaria ^azella. 

— pusilia : see Otaria ant¬ 
arctica. 

Arctocyon 7-409b. 
Arctogaea28-1005a; 28-1008b; 

3- 972d. 

Arctogale 5-369c; 20-643d. 
Arctoidea 5-370o ; 13-445a. 
Arctomys: see Marmot and 
Woodchuck. 

— bobac ; see Bobac. 

—• caudata : see Red marmot- 

— marmotta : see Alpine mar¬ 
mot. 

— monax : see Wood-chuck. 
Arctonnesus, penin., Asia M. : 

see Kapu-Dagh. 

Arctonyx : see Sand-badger. 

— collaris : see Bali-soor. 
Arctophylax : see Bootes. 
Arctopithecini 2-llOc. 

Arctos : see Ursa Major. 
Arctostaphylos 9-740a. 

— alpina 2S-13c. 

— uva-ursi: see Bearberry. 

Arcto-Tertiary flora 21-779c. 
Arctotherium 20-900a; 5- 

376b. 

Argtowski (explorer) 21-965d. 
Arcturian type 25-788b. 
ARCTURUS 2-447d ; 25-788b ; 
25-790a: 7-12 (map); spec¬ 
trum 21-717 (Plate). 

— minor : see Bootes. 

Arcualia i4-258b (fig.). 
Arcuated style 27-115b; in 

India 14-432c ; Roman 20- 
181b. 

Arcuate ligaments 8-166c. 
ARCUEIL,Fr.2-447d: 10-778 
(C6). 

— Cachan, Fr. : see Atcueil. 
Arcueil, Society of 3-812c. 
ARCULF 2-448a; pilgrimage 

of 21-607d. 

Arouli, aqueduct, Pr.: see 
Arcus Juliani. 

Arcum, Stellae : see Sagittarius. 
Arcuothrix 23-248c. 

Arcus, Ala. 1-460 (C4). 

ArcUs Juliani, aqueduct, Fr. 
2-447d. 

Arcus senilis 10-96c. 

Arc welding 28-501c. 

Arcy, Chevalier d’ 3-277d. 
Arcyrla 19-108d; 19-108d 

(fig.). 

Arcyriaceae 19-105d. 

Ard, bay. Ire. 14-744 (B3). 

—, lake, Scot. 24-418 (C2) ; 1- 
52d. 

Arda, riv., Turk. 27-426 (E2); 

4- 773 (C3) : 4-773d. 

— (Hadra), riv.. It. 15-26 
(B2). 

Ardabda, Russ.: see Theo¬ 
dosia. 

Ard a’Bhorain, cape, Scot. 24- 
412 (A2). 

Ardabil, Pers. : See Ardebil. 
Ardagan, Russ.As. ; see Arda- 
han. 

Ardagh, Maj.-Gen. Sir John C. 

2-328C : 6-158C. 

Ardagh, Ire. 14-744 (D3); 14- 
774b. 

Ardagh cup 10-344a ; 21-796d; 

21-801 (PI. II. fig. 31). 
Ardahal, Pers. 21-189b. 

—, dust., Pers. 15-945a. 


Ardahan, Cauc. 23-874 (II. 
G3): 15-682d ; Russian occu¬ 
pation 23-931 a, 17-8d, 3- 
791c. 

Ardakan, Pets. 21-188 (B2); 
statistics 10-190a. 

—, dist., Pers. 28-919c. 

Ardal, Pers. 21-188 (B2). 

Ardara, Ire. 14-744 (C2); 8- 
413d. 

—, It. 24-227a. 

Ardargie House,mansion,Scot. 
24-418 (E2). 

Ardaric (of Gepidae) 13-933d. 

Ardashad, Arm.: .see Artaxata. 

Ardashes : see Artaxias. 

ARDASHIR (Artaxerxes) I. 2- 
448b; 21-219b: 21-221d: fire 
temple 10-425b; Hormuz 
foundation 13-694a ; Karun 
river dike 24-1024a: Mithrak 
family extirpated 13-693d ; 
Zend Avesta collected 28- 
968d. 

— II. 2-448d; 21-221d; 21- 
‘222d 

— III. 2-449a : 21-222b. 

Ardashir-Khun, Pers. : see Fir- 

uzabad. 

Ardatov, Russ. (Nizhniy-Nov- 
gorod) 23-872 (F4) ; geology 
19-720d. 

—, Russ. (Simbirsk) 23-872 
(G5) ; Mordvinians 25-120b. 

Ardbear, bay. Ire. 14-744 (A3); 
ll-431d. 

Ardbeg, pt., Scot. 23-758b. 

Ardbrecknish, Scot. 24-418 
(A2). 

Ardchattan, Scot. 8-684b. 

Ardchyle, Scot. 24-418 (C2). 

Ardclach, Scot. 24-412 (E2) ; 
geology 19-155b ; popula¬ 
tion 19-155c. 

Ard-comarba (Irish church) : 
see Coarb. 

Ardconnel, Scot. 24-418 (A2). 

—, castle, Scot. 24-418 {A2). 

Ardderyd, Cumb.; battle of 
(573) 7-626a. 

ARDEA, It. 2-449a ; 15-4 (D4); 
15-26 (B6) ; ethnology 15- 
26b; wall-paintings 23- 
481a. 

Ardea (zool.) 13-386d; 13-388b. 

— (agami) : see Heron agami. 

— (alba): see Great egret. 

— (bubulcus): see Buff-backed 
heron. 

— (candidissima) : sec White 
heron. 

— (cinerea) : fee Heron, com¬ 
mon. 

— (egretta) : see Egret. 

— (garzetta) : see Little egret. 

— (helias) : see Peacock heron. 

— (herodias) : see Great blue 
heron. 

^— (megacephala) 17-913b. 

— (purpurea): see Purple 

heron. 

— (ralloides) : see Squacco- 
heron. 

— (virescens): see Green 

bittern. 

Ardeae 3-977b: 3-965d; Bra¬ 
zil 4-444a. 

Ardeal, state. Hung.: see Tran¬ 
sylvania. 

Ardeates, people 15-26b : see 
also Ardea, It. 

Ardcatina,fort, It. 15-4 (E-F2). 

—, Via, It. 2-449a. 

Ardeatini; see Ardeates. 

ArdcatinUm foedus (444 B.c.) 

14-635d. 

Ardeb (measure) 9-28d; 28- 
491a. 

ARDEBIL (Ardabil), Pers. 2- 
449b; 21-188 (Al); holy 
carpet 5-396 (Plate). 

—, dist., Pers. 2-449b. 

ARDECHE, dept., Fr. 2-449c ; 
10-778 (G5). 

—, riv., Fr. 10-778 (G5); 23- 
272b. 

ARDEE, Ire. 2-450a ; 14-744 
(E3). 

Ardeidae : see Heron. 

Ardelan, dist., Pers. '21-188 
.(A2) ; 15-951C. 

—, tribe 15-949C. 

Ard el Bathaniyeh, dist., Syr. : 
see Batanaea. 

Ard-el-Huleh, tract. Pal. : see 
Huleh. 

Ardell, Ala. 1-460 (Bl) 

Arden, Mary 2-4 50b. 

—, Robert 24-772d. 

—. William, 2nd baron Alvan- 
ley : see Alvanley. 

Arden, Ark. 2-552 (A4). 

—, Can. 20-114 (El). 

—. Colo. 6-722 (H3). 

—, N.C. 19-772 (B4). 

—, Scot., geology 23-99a. 

—, Wash. 28-354 (G-Hl). 

—. W.Va. 28-560 (D2). 

—, mt., S.Aus. 25-493b. 

Ardenay, Fr. 16-409c. 


Ardencaple, inlet. Green. 12« 
54^G2). 

ARDEN, FOREST OF, dist., 
Warwick 2-450b. 
ARDENNES, dept., FV. 2-450d; 
10-778 (G2) ; champagne 28- 
723c: geology 10-778b ; in'- 
dustrial population 10-783c; 
Walloons 28-286a. 
ARDENNES, dist., Belg. 2- 
450b : 3-668 (E4-H2) ; geo¬ 
logy 3-669b, 5-881), 20-237a, 
8-i25a, 5-08d ; Renaud de 
Montauban 23-96c. 

—^canal, Fr. 10-778 (G2); 10- 

Ardennes Abbey, Calvados, Fr 

12-351b. 

Ardenno. It. 26-242 (H4). 
Ardensul.Philip Rovenius van: 

see Rovenius. 

Ardent, Raoul l-505d. 

Ardent (in shipbuilding) 24- 
931a. 

Ardentes, Fr. 10-778 (E4). 
Ardentinny, Scot. 24-418 
(B2). 

Ardenza, It. 16-377d. 
Ardeonaig, Scot. 24-418 (C2); 
26-4 6 6c. 

Arderin, mt.. Ire. 14-744 (D3) : 

22-731b. 

Arderne, James 16-556b. 

—, Dr John 12-724c. 

Ardes, Fr. 10-778 (F5). 

Ardesir Curset joe v: Peeroxebal 
20-903a. 

Ardess, Scot. 24-418 (B2). 
Ardettus, hill, Gr. 2-832 (map); 
2-831d., 

Ardewan, desert, Afg.: see 
Hamdamao. 

—, pass, Afg. 13-332a ; 13- 

.330c. 

Ardez, Switz. 26-242 (13). 
Ardfert, Ire. 14-744 (B4); 27- 
159a 

Ardfinnan, Ire. 14-744 (D4); 

castle 4-947d. 

Ardfry, penin.. Ire. 6-427a. 
ARDGLASS, Ire. 2-451a ; 14- 
744 (F2). 

Ardglen, N.S.W. 19-538 (F2). 
Ardgour, Scot. 24-412 (C3). 

—, dist., Scot. 24-412 (C3). 
Ardhamagadhi (language) 22- 
251c; 14-488d ; 13-478d. 
Ardha-narisa (myth.) 13-511c. 
Ardhe, riv., Fr.Cong. : see 
Gribingi. 

Ardila, riv., Sp. 25-530 (B3) : 
12-646b. 

Ardingly, Sus. 9-424 (IV. B4) ; 
24-1004a. 

Ardisia 5-173C ; 17-282c ; 15- 
287d. 

Ardistama 13-535d. 

Ardistan, Pers. 21-188 (B2); 
population 21-194b ; tele¬ 
graph 21-195d. 

—, dist., Pers. 14-867d. 
ARDITI, LUIGI 2-451b. 
Ardivachar, pt., Scot. 24-412 
(A2). 

Ardizio, hill. It. 21-281c. 
Ardlamont, bay, Scot. 24-418 
(A3). , 

—, pt., Scot. 24-418 (A3). 
Ardle, riv., Scot. 24-412 (E3). 
Ardleigh, Ess. 9-424 (IV. D3). 
Ardler, Scot. 24-418 (El). 
Ardlui, Scot. 24-418 (B2) ; geo¬ 
logy 8-660C. 

Ardlussa, Scot. 24-412 (C3). 
Ardmeanach, dist., Scot. : see 
Black Isle. 

Ardmillan, Ire. 14-744 (F2) , 8- 
458a. 

Ardmillan group 20-236b ; 5- 
300b. 

Ardminish, Scot. 24-112 (C4). 
Ardmore, Ire. 14-744(D5) ; 28- 
369c. 

—, Mo. 18-608 (D2). 
ARDMORE, Okla. 2-451b ; 20- 
58 (D3). 

—, S.Dak. 25-506 (B4). 

—, bay. Ire. 14-744 (D5), 

—, pt.. Ire. 14-744 (IM) 

—, pt., Scot. (Islay) 24-412 
(C4). 

—, pt., Scot. (Skye) 24-412 
(B2). 

Ardmucknish, bay, Scot. : see 
Nell, lake. 

Ardnacross, bay, Scot. 24-412 
(C4). 

Ardnadam, Scot. 24-418 
(A-B3). 

Ardnamurchan, dist., Scot. 24- 
412 (B-C3) ; 19-157b; 2- 

486b ; geology 2-487a. 

—, pt., Scot. 24-412 (B3) ; 2- 
486b. 

—, sound, Scot. 25-246d. 

Ardo, riv.. It. 3-710c. 
Ardobrica, Sp, 7-208d. 

■ Ardoch, N.Pak. 19-780 (Gl). 
—, .“^cot. 4-584 (Bl): 24-418 
(D2) : Agricola’s victory (84) 


7 







give the number of the volume containing the main article on A-Vchimcdcs. 
Turn to the index, under Archimedes in heavy type, (do not confuse it with 
Archimedes, Screw of) and notice that the first volume mentioned in the 
index is the same as the volume found by means of the letters. Under Archi¬ 
medes in the index give the volume, page, column and part of column for men¬ 
tion of his interest in language. Give also the two references for his connection 
with the Siege of Syracuse. 

The Three Volumes Covering the Decade from 
1911-1921 are Indexed Separately 


Below is given a specimen entry under Belgium, from the index of volume 
thirty-two. The three new volumes which bring the eleventh edition to 1921 
are indexed at the end of volume thirty-two. 


Specimen Entry from the 
Index of Volume 32 
of the 

Encyclopaedia Britannica 


BELGIUM S0-429d; African ter¬ 
ritory 30-68c; agriculture 30- 
749d; canals 31-373d: 32-491a; 
cost of living 30-759b: divorce 

30- 846b: education 30-430d; 
health 31-697a; International 
Financial Conference 31-68a; 
population 30-431b, 31-110a, 
233b; shipping 30-547a; strikes 
and lock-outs 32-593c; un¬ 
employment 31-696C. 

—; Army 30-219d, 432d, 443b; 
ambulance 32-1060c; Antwerp 
siege 30-155d; decorations 31- 
893b; maps 31-842c; rifles 

31- 279b. 

—: Commerce and Industry 30- 
431b, 440b; Brazil 30-492a; 
coal 30-712c; 31-216a; Egypt 

30- 94la; finance 30-442b, 982c. 

31- 255c, 41c; iron and steel 
31-594a; post-war 30-444a; 
wool 32-1066c. 

: //istory 30-432d; 31-31c; 

Bryce Cfommittee 30-514c; East 
Africa 30-881b; French war 
plan 32-972b; German war 
plan 32-976b; Holland 31-380d; 
IPeace Conference 32-37d; Tan¬ 


ganyika S2-676d; Versailles 
Treaty 31-32d. 

—, Commission for Relief of; 
see Commission. 


every place on a separate 


In the specimen entry at the left under Belgium the 
references are classified. The first group of topics, 
which are very general, take about one inch of space 
and are sub-arranged in alphabetical order. Read the 
first item, and the last just above Army. More 
specific topics follow, being themselves in alphabetical 
order, with items under them in sub-alphabetical 
order. Read the headings following a dash—, begin¬ 
ning with Army. 

What volume is referred to at the end of the first 
line under Army? What is the reference for wool, 
under Commerce and Industry? 

In this index, and in volume twenty-nine, references 
under countries are classified. 

I 

Places on Maps Indexed 

Not only do these indexes refer to all scattered in¬ 
formation on any topic, but, in addition, they index 
all places on each map appearing in the thirty-two 
volumes, thus constituting an excellent atlas index. 
Glance at the map of Rhode Island, which follows, 
and try to realize what a task it has been to write 
card and to arrange the cards alphabetically, which is 


only one of the many tasks preparatory to making an index. Every place on 
every map in each volume has been indexed. 


Find Waterman on the map of Rhode Island by looking for it near the point, 
where an imaginary line, drawn from B at the top of the map to B at the bottom 
of the map, would intersect an imaginary line drawn from 1 at the right-hand 
margin to 1 at the left-hand margin. By a similar method, find: Tiverton, D-2; 
Rumford, C-1; School House Pond, B-S. Turn to the specimen page of the index, 
find Arctic in very fine type just below the words Arc sight and just above 
the word Arctic (in heavy type), give the reference and find it on the map 
of Rhode Island. By consulting the index, give the volume, page and map ref¬ 
erence for finding each of the following: Archie, Mo.: Archibald, La.; Archil- 
lion, Ark. 


8 


Specimen Entry of Map from the 
Encyclopaedia Britannica 



Emery Walkct 


9 















































































Cross References 


Frequently information on a certain subject is scattered under different articles. 
For example, in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, under the article Book^ mention 
is made of publishing. Part of the information would therefore be found in the 
volume containing Book, and part in the one containing Publishing. When it is 
necessary to call the attention of the reader to the fact that further treatment 
of a subject can be found by crossing over to other articles, some form of a 
cross-reference is used. Details of methods used will be illustrated later. 

In the Britannica, at the end of the index a Classified List of Articles is given 
as a guide to related subjects. The New International Encyclopaedia gives a 
guide to Courses of Reading and Study in a separate volume. 

New International Encyclopaedia 
Entries Under Buffalo 

Consult the sample page from the New International Encyclopaedia which 
follows, and notice that the word Buffalo appears at the top of the first column, 
and Buffington at the top of the second. Any entries which come alphabetically 
between these words will be found on this page. Guide words in reference 
books save the necessity of scanning the whole page. Read each heading 
combined wdth the word Buffalo in bold-faced type. Are the words following 
Buffalo in sub-alphabetical order? What cross reference is given under Buffalo 
Moth? What, under Buffalo Nut? What, at the end of the article, under 
Buffalo Fish? Cndoi Buffalo Bird two references are given; after number 1, 
{Oxpecker) what abbreviation appears? This abbreviation comes from the Latin 
words quod vide, meaning literally, which see, that is, under Oxpecker, more 
information will be found. What fly is referred to by q. v. in the third line 
under Buffalo Gnat? What was Buffalo Bill's real name? 

The end of the article on Buffalo City, New York, comes at the top of the first 
column. Six lines from the top of this column notice the word Consult. The 
references following this word, give the best books and articles on Buffalo, N. Y. 
Which is the first book mentioned? Give the title and date of publication of 
the history of Buffalo by Powell. At the end of the article Buffalo Gnat, under 
Consult, notice that abbreviations are used. These abbreviations refer to a 
Bulletin in the Division of Entomology of the United States Department of 
Agriculture. What is the number of this Bulletin? 

The first entry in heavy type of the word Buffalo refers to a small town 
situated in what western state? This town could be located on the map of 
Wyoming near the intersection of imaginary lines indicated by what letter and 
number? The volume containing Wyoming would have to be consulted in order 
to find the place on the map. What was the population of this town in 1910? 

The full article on Buffalo, New York, or on any other large city, is separated 

into sub-topics, such as: 

* 

« 

Description 

Institutions 

Commerce and industry 


10 


Government 
History 
Map of city 


Specimen Entry from the New International Encyclopaedia 
BUFFALO 


in 1882. In 1901 (May 1 to November 1) the 
Pan-American Exposition was held at Buffalo. 
At this exhibition occurred the assassination of 
President McKinley, on Friday, Sept. 6, 1901. 
See Pan-American Exposition. 

Consult: Smith, History of the City of Buf¬ 
falo avd Erie County (Syracuse, 1884) ; Ketchum, 
An Authentic and Comprehensive History of Buf¬ 
falo (Buffalo, 1864-65) ; Powell, Historic Towns 
of the Middle States (New York, 1899) ; Sever¬ 
ance, Picture Book of Earlier Buffalo (Buffalo, 
1913). 

BUFFALO. A town and the county seat of 
Johnson Co., Wyo., 32 miles (direct) southeast 
of Sheridan (Map: Wyoming, El). The people 
are engaged principally in agriculture and stock 
raising. Buffalo is the seat of a State Soldiers’ 
and Sailors’ Home and has a Carnegie library, 
courthouse, and county high school, and owns 
its wmter works and sewer system. Pop., 1890, 
1087; 1900, 710; 1910, 1368. 

BUFFALO BERRY {Shepherdia argentea). 
While familiar to horticulturists for many 
years, the buffalo berry has but recently taken 
rank as a fruit plant. It is a native of the cold, 
dry northwestern part of North America, where 
it has achieved its greatest success under culti¬ 
vation. The buffalo berry is a shrub with small 
silvery leaves, short thorny spines or branches, 
upon which the fruits, of about the size of a 
common currant, are borne. The plant is dioe¬ 
cious, consequently both male and female forms 
must be planted in order to insure fruit produc¬ 
tion. The two forms are easily recognized by the 
form and distribution of the winter buds; the 
stamiriate or male plant bears small rounded 
buds in dense clusters scattered all along the 
spurs; the pistillate, or female plant, bears 
fewer and more elongated buds, usually in pairs 
along the sides of the spurs. The fruits are 
either red or yellow, are used for jellies, and 
often serve instead of currants for this purpose. 
There are no cultivated varieties on the market. 
The plant is valuable as an ornamental shrub. 
See El^agnus. 

BUFFALO BILL. See Cody, William F. 

BUFFALO BIRD. A bird closely associated 
■wdth wild oxen or buffaloes, picking the para¬ 
sites from their hides to eat, and warning the 
animal of possible danger by the expression of 
its own alarm. 1. An oxpecker (q.v.). 2. A 

tick bird. See Tick. 

BUFFALO FISH. One of several suckers 
(Catastomidae) of the Mississippi valley, com¬ 
prised in the genus Buhalichthys or Ictiohus, and 
so called because of the humped outline of the 
back, the large head, and dark colors. The red¬ 
mouthed buffalo fish {Ictiohus cyprinella) is 
brownish olive and reaches a length of nearly 
3 feet and a weight of 20 to 30 pounds. The 
big-mouthed one {Ictiohus urus) is also large 
and very dark, with all the fins black; while the 
small-mouthed {Ictiohus huhalus altus) is paler 
and more southerly in its habitat. The flesh is 
poor. For illustration see Plate of Suckers. 
See also Fisheries. 

BUFFALO GNAT. A gnat of the genus 
Simulium, closely related, and similar to the 
northern black fly (q.v.), which swarms in the 
valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. 
“They rival the mosquito in their bloodthirsty 
tendencies,” says Howard, “and not only do they 
attack human beings, but poultry and domestic 
animals are frequently killed by them. . . In 
certain seasons they multiply enormously, alight 


117 BUFFINGTON • 

on cattle (as formerly they did on the bison), 
und produce death through their poisonous bites 
as well as from loss of blood. Unlike mosqui¬ 
toes, tliey fly and bite in the daytime and are 
often seen in large numbers flying in bright sun¬ 
shine. The larvae are aquatic, and unlike mos¬ 
quitoes again, the larvae of which live in stag¬ 
nant water, Simulium larvae frequent Well- 
aerated and frequently swiftly running streams. 
Consult: Bui. 5, Div. Entom., V. S. Dept. Agri¬ 
culture; Osborn, “Insects Affecting Domestic 
Animals,” Dept. Agric. (Washington, 1896). 

BUFFALO GRASS, or Buchloe {Buchloe 
or Bulhilis, dactyloides). A common grass of 
the western United States, ranging from Mani¬ 
toba to Texas, where it is one of the best pas¬ 
ture grasses. It is a low, spreading grass seldom 
more than 6 inches in height. It spreads rapidly 
by runners, soon forming a dense sod. The grass 
is dioecious, the male flowers conspicuous, while 
the female flowers, which occur on a different 
plant, are easily overlooked. It is readily propa¬ 
gated by seed or sod and is improved by cultiva¬ 
tion. Sod transplanted from the plains to Wash¬ 
ington, D. C., quickly covered the ground and is 
perfectly adapted to its surroundings. It turns 
brown after frost, but during the summer pre¬ 
sents a dense grovah of fine herbage. It is ap¬ 
parently very nutritious and is relished by all 
kinds of stock. ' 

BUFFALO MOTH. See Carpet Beetle. 
BUFFALO NUT. See Trapa. 

BUFFER (OE. huffe, slap, blow). Buffing 
Apparatus. An arrangement projecting from 
tlie frame of a railway car to prevent injury 
from violent contact or collision, or to deaden 
the effect of the concussions caused when the 
velocity of a part of the train is checked or 
when the engine is starting the train. Buffers 
are used on passenger cars in America and con¬ 
sist of three parts—the head, the bar, and the 
stem. T!ie stem passes through the spring and 
buffer-spring beam; the shoulder formed by the 
junction of the stem with the bar bears directly, 
or by means of a plate, against the spring, which 
is usually of the volute or spiral type. ' This 
buffer is placed at the centre of each end of the 
car. In English railway practice two buffers are 
used at each end of the car, one at each side of the 
centre. The general construction is much the same 
as that described above, except that flat springs, 
somewhat like a carriage spring, are employed. 

BUFFET, bu'fa', Louis Joseph (1818-98). 
A French politician. He was born at Mirecourt, 
Vosges, and in 1848 entered the Chamber of 
Deputies. Under the presidency of Louis Napo¬ 
leon he held the portfolio of Commerce and Agri¬ 
culture. He afterward became leader of a “Tiers 
Parti,” which tried to reconcile liberal reforms 
with loyalty to the government, and in January, 
1870, joined M. Emile Ollivier’s cabinet as Fi¬ 
nance Minister, but resigned in April. He was 
elected to the National Assembly (1871), of 
which he became president in 1872, and formed 
a cabinet in 1875, taking the portfolio of the 
Interior. In this latter office, however, he made 
himself obnoxious to the Republican party, and 
when, in 1876, he failed to secure a reelection to 
the Assembly, he resigned. During the same year 
(1876) the Senate elected him a life member. 
BUF'FINGTON, Adelbert Rinaldo (1837- 
). An American soldier. He was born at 
Wheeling, W. Va., and graduated at West Point 
in 1861. He was brevetted major in 1865, and 
was commander successively of the United States 


It is advisable to glance over the sub-topics of any long encyclopaedic article 
before beginning to read it, as one can thus often find, very readily, the special 
information desired. 

Pronunciation of Proper Names: Dates 

Give the dates of the life of Louis Joseph Buffet. Should the last letter of 
his name be pronounced? 

Where was Adelbert Buffington born? Was he living when this encyclopaedia 
was published? 


New International Year-book 

The New International Encyclopaedia publishes a separate volume for current 
events each year. The topics are arranged in alphabetical order, and constitute 
an exceedingly valuable encyclopaedia for the events of one year only. 

Nelson’s Perpetual Loose-leaf Encyclopaedia 

A loose-leaf plan for an encyclopaedia has been devised by Nelson and Com¬ 
pany of New York, and published under the title: Nelson's Perpetual Loose-leaf 
Encyclopaedia. The volumes in this set are not bound in the usual way; the 
loose leaves are held in place by an adjustable fastening device containing 
prongs which are run through holes punched in the pages for the purpose. 
New leaves on current subjects are issued every six months. These leaves are 
inserted in alphabetical order in the regular set, and out-of-date leaves removed. 

The publishers of Nelson's Loose-leaf Encyclopaedia have kin.dly prepared the 
following composite page showing subdivisions under their article on Japan. 
The full article on Japan in this encyclopaedia requires over twenty pages. A few 
lines only are given under each sub-topic on this composite page, because the 
object is simply to show the order in which sub-tcpics are entered. Glance 
over the headings of the topics, in the order given. Encj^clopsedias sub-divide 
topics under countries according to some plan, though all encyclopaedias do not 
use the same one. Usually the sub-topic which treats of the history of a country 
comes at the end, as it does here. 

What heading follows history? Name a good history of Japan. 

The paragraph headed Flora and Fauna pertains to the vegetation and the 
animal life native to Japan. In many encyclopaedias Flora forms one topic, 
and Fauna a separate topic. What is characteristic of the shrubs of Japan? 

Find the sub-topic Population and give the census of Japan in 1872. 

Under the topic Religions^ name the religion of the Japanese. 

Near the bottom of the second column, find the word railroads, in italics, 
and tell under what subdivision it falls. When was the first railroad built and 
how long was it? 

What word heads the first sub-topic, near the top of column one? Notice that 
this topic gives the general character of the surface of Japan. 

After all sub-topics in the general article on Japan are completed, what three 
full entries are given, which relate to Japan in other matters? Encyclopaedias 


12 


specimen Composite Page Entry taken from Article Japan in 
Nelson’s Perpetual Loose-leaf Encyclopaedia 

lapan Japanese Art 


Japan, ja-pan' (called by its in¬ 
habitants Nippon or Nihon— 
i. e., ‘sun origin’ or ‘eastern 
land’), an empire in Asia consist¬ 
ing of a long chain of 4,000 isl¬ 
ands which extend from 51° to 
22° N. lat., and from 119° to 156° 
E. long., with a total length of 
about 2,400 miles. Beginning at 
the north, the empire comprises 
the volcanic Kuriles, or Chishima 
which approach close to Kam 
Topography. —Japan is a very 
mountainous country, the only 
considerable plain being that of 
Tokyo. Honshu is traversed 
fnpm end to end by many broken 
ranges with numerous branches. 
In the northeast the highest sum¬ 
mits are mostly vol 

Climale and Soil. —The north¬ 
ern parts of the empire are pro¬ 
portionally much colder than 
places in the same latitude in 
Europe and America. In Tokyo, 
the mean temperature for twenty 
years ranged 

Flora and Fauna. —With its 
wide range of climate and its 
lofty mountains, Japan has a 
great variety of vegetation. Sav- 
atier, in his Enumeratio, names 
2,750 species. The shrubs are 
mostly evergreen, comprising 
many with beautiful flowers. 
There are also numerous ever¬ 
green oaks, laurels, and conifers. 
On the higher grounds are found 
more deciduous trees, as the elm, 
beech, walnut, birch, and chest¬ 
nut. Bamboo clumps, low palms, 
and cycads in the lower grounds 
Forestry. —As the result of its 
unusually humid climate, Japan 
possesses a very large area of 
forest land. The types of forest 
growth correspond to those found 
in the Atlantic States, including 
sixty species of conifers and 
pines, and oak, beech, maple, 
birch, and other deciduous trees; 
toward the south, especially in 
Formosa, are camphor, bamboo, 
and cinnamon trees. The long- 
continued use of wood as fuel for 
the manufacture of ceramics, and 
the wholesale destruction of 
wooden houses by fire, however. 
Fisheries. —The fishing indus¬ 
try stands high in importance, 
based upon natural advantages 
equalled only on the Atlantic sea¬ 
board of the United States. The 
Japanese, as an island people, 
early adopted a seafaring life; 
and at least 500 years ago fishing 
settlements were made on the 
island of Yesso, attracted by the 
cod, herring, sar 

Mining. —Japan is only mod¬ 
erately rich in mineral wealth. 
Great progress has been made 
during the last thirty years in 
mining, foreign methods and 
machinery having been freely in¬ 
troduced and foreign engineers 
employed. The mines. 

Agriculture. —Sixty per cent, 
of the people are agriculturists. 
As shown in accompanying table. 


« 

Acreage. 

Production 

Rice. 

7,507,705 

1,495,253 

1,700,148 

1,240,830 

1,223,390 

734.608 

172,300 

53,143 

69,393 

74,843 

29,213 

12,6.5 

$10,045,426 

1,958,141 

1,580,022 

1,035,900 

738,638 

*8,318,820,506 

*1,510,596,902 

*1,895,313,903 

*74,073,464 

*72,594,606 

*21,106,347 

*20,391,025 

Barley. 

Rye. 

Wheat. 

Soy bean. 

Sweet potatoes 

Potatoes. 

Sugar cane.... 
Tobacco leaf .. 
Tea. 

Hemp. 

Leaf indigo. . . 


* Pounds 


Manufactures in Japan are 
sharply divided into the old his¬ 
toric industries and those intro¬ 
duced since the revolution of 

1868. The former industries, 
originating in China, were im¬ 
proved by the Japanese through 
loi^ and 

Commerce. —The situation of 
Japan is most favorable to for¬ 
eign commerce, its island char¬ 
acter, limited area of tillable 
land, and proximity to countries 
rich in natural resources suggest¬ 
ing a comparison with Great 
Britain. 

The growth of Japan’s com¬ 
merce, owing to her pec 

Shipping. —From the closing 
of the ports to foreign commerce 
in 1638 until their reopening in 

1869, Japanese shipping was at 
a low ebb, and the size of ves¬ 
sels was limited by law. As late 
as 1892, 77 per cent, of the ships 
visiting Japanese ports were for¬ 
eign, but since that time shipping 
has developed greatly. In 1913 
Japan owned 2,072 registered 
steamers, with a gross tonnage of 
1,513,941, and 7,343 sailing ves¬ 
sels, with a gross tonnage of 487,- 
347. This result has been accom¬ 
plished largely by the granting 
of subsidies to steam 

Transportation and Commu¬ 
nication. —The large number of 
ports in Japan, the rough con¬ 
figuration of the country, and the 
short distances from inland to 
sea coast districts have encour¬ 
aged water transportation. Or¬ 
dinary roads, though greatly im¬ 
proved, and now for the most 
part macadamized, still leave 
much to be desired. 

Railroads .—The first railway 
in Japan was between Tokyo and 
Yokohama, 18 miles in length, 
and was opened in 1872. In 1906 
the government acquired most of 
the railways of the count 

Population. —The first reliable 
census of Japan, taken in 1872, 
showed a population of 33,110,- 
825; the census of 1898 re¬ 
turned a total of 43,763,153 in¬ 
habitants; that of 1908, 49,588,- 
804 inhabitants in Japan Proper, 
and 65,682,247 in the Empire. 
The population of Japan Proper 
was then divided as follows: roy¬ 
al family, 67; nobles, 5,642; 
knights, 2,218,623; common peo¬ 
ple, 47,382,262. In 1914 the pop- 


Religions. — Shinto, the indig¬ 
enous religion of Japan, is in the 
main a nature worship. The 
gods are innumerable, the chief 
among them being the sun god¬ 
dess, from whom the Mikados are 
supposed to be de 

Army and Naoy. In 1884 the 
Army was organized on the best 
European models; and its present 
high efficiency was demonstrated 
in the wars with China (1894-95) 
and with Russia (1904-05). All 
able-bodied males between the 
ages of 17 and 40, with the excep¬ 
tion of students in foreign coun¬ 
tries, elementary school teachers. 

Government —After the revo¬ 
lution of 1868 (see History), in 
which the Shogunate was abol¬ 
ished and the actual sovereignty 
returned to the Emperor, many 
reforms were effected, the general 
result of which was to substitute 
a constitutional monarchy for the 
former autocracy. 

Finance. —The budget esti¬ 
mates for the year ending March 
31, 1914, placed the total ordi¬ 
nary revenue at $264,878,000, 
and the extraordinary revenue at 
$28,526,000; the ordinary ex¬ 
penditures at $211,009,000, and 
the extraordinary expenditures at 
$82,395,000. The 

History. — Early Period.— 
Modern Japanese historians be¬ 
gin with the Mikado Jimmu, who 
‘ is stated to have ascended the 
throne in 660 b.c. But the more 
trustworthy contemporary rec¬ 
ords of China and Korea show 
that for more than a thousand 
years after the supposed date of 
Jimmu’s reign, nothing existed in 
Japan which deserves the name 
of history. About the date of the 
Christian epoch, Chinese travel¬ 
lers found a monarch established 
in Yamato, who ruled over a 
large part of the present Japan. 
For 

Bibliography. — General His¬ 
tory. —The history by Dr. Mur¬ 
ray in the ‘Story of the Nations 
Series’ is the best; but it is un¬ 
critical, especially in the earlier 
part. A History of the Empire of 
Japan was compiled by various 
Japanese authors for the Chicago 
Exhibition. The Mikado's 

Japan — Archaeology. The 
archaeological remains of the Jap¬ 
anese race date from a few cen¬ 
turies before the Christian epoch. 
The most remarkable are the 

Japan — Language and Litera¬ 
ture. The Japanese language 
belongs structurally, like Korean 
and Manchurian, to the Altaic 
family, and like other Altaic lan¬ 
guages delights 

Japanese Art. In the Me¬ 
chanical Arts the Japanese have 
attained to great excellence, espe¬ 
cially in the branch of metallur¬ 
gy, and in the manufacture of 
porcelain, lacquer ware, and silk 
fabrics; indeed so exquisite in 
design and execution 


13 
















often give articles which relate to a country after the treatment of the country 
as a whole, has been completed. One should train one’s self to think of how 
such entries may be made, for often the alphabetical order must be considered. 


Fictitious Characters 
and 

Titles of Standard Works of Literature 

The New International Encyclopaedia enters important fictitious characters, 
and titles of standard works of literature in alphabetical order. (So also does the 
Encyclopaedia Americana.) 

The Encyclopaedia Britannica does not enter characters in fiction; titles 
of standard works of literature can often be traced through the index. • 

The Nelson Loose-leaf Encyclopaedia does not enter characters in fiction; it 
does enter titles to a few standard works of literature. 

The Century Cyclopaedia of Proper Names, which is one volume of the 
Century dictionary, is most excellent for any really important proper name. 

Though some encyclopaedias exclude characters in fiction, most encyclopaedias 
include characters in mythology and legend. 

Encyclopaedias do not usually include either foreign or common phrases; these 
should be looked for in dictionaries. Most encyclopaedias list common abbre¬ 
viations under the word Abbreviations. 

Encyclopaedic Information in Modem Dictionaries 

Recent editions of the Standard, Webster, and Century dictionaries give so 
much information of an encyclopaedic nature, and in such an exceedingly con¬ 
densed form, that they constitute what might be called the most valuable brief 
encyclopaedias published. Information of this character is given in dictionaries 
after the last numbered definition of the word. These dictionaries are also most 
excellent for fictitious characters. Very few titles of standard works of literature 
are given in the Standard and Webster dictionaries. 


Important Subjects have Special Encyclopaedias 

and Dictionaries 

The arrangement of reference material in encyclopaedic form has developed 
marvelously during recent years. One general encyclopaedia is no longer suf¬ 
ficient, even for a small library, but it is practically necessary for a library to 
have special encyclopaedias or dictionaries on important subjects. The range 
of such reference books is almost limitless; one’s acquaintance with them will de¬ 
pend largely upon individual needs. Such subjects as the following have impor¬ 
tant encyclopaedias: Chemistry; Agriculture; Law; History; Biography; Music; 
Mathematics; Horticulture; Political Economy; Engineering, other subjects. 

Though it is a mistake to confine one’s reference work mainly to books of an 
encyclopaedic nature, it is also a mistake to slight books of this character. 


14 


A Few Important Special Cyclopaedias 
and Dictionaries 

Read the following list of books. They are only suggestive, but the thought 
that many subjects have special encyclopaedias is important in connection with 
the study of encyclopaedias. 

1. Bliss, William D. P. New Encyclopaedia of Social Reform. 1 vol. 

2. Grove. Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 5 vols. 

3. Hart, A. B., and others. Encyclopaedia of American Government. 3 vols. 

4. Hastings, Rev. James. Bible Dictionary. 1 vol. 

(Many dictionaries and cyclopaedias on Biblical subjects are published.) 

5. Lamed. History for Ready Reference. 7 vols. (Recently enlarged.) 

6. Jewdsh Encyclopaedia. 12 vols. 

7. Lippincott. New Gazetteer of the World. 1 vol. 

8. Lippincott. Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. 1 vol. 

9. Monroe, Paul. Cyclopedia of Education. 5 vols. 

10. Peck, H. T. Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Literature. 1 vol. 

11. Catholic Encyclopaedia. 16 vols. 

Important Authors have Special Reference Books 

Prominent authors have special reference books devoted to characters, plots, 
quotations, and other details connected with their works. A few important 
books of this nature are mentioned below. 


Author Dictionaries and Synopses 

A synopsis of a work gives a general outline of it. 


Browning. 

Cyclopedia. 

Berdoe. 

Dickens. 

Dickens Dictionary. 
Dickens Synopses. 

Philip. 

McSpadden. 

Eliot, George. 

Dictionary. 

Mudge and Sears. 

Kipling. 

Dictionary. 

Young. 

Scott. 

Waverly Dictionary. 
Waverly Synopses. 

Rogers. 

McSpadden. 

Shakespeare. 

Shakespeare Synopses. 

McSpadden. 

Thackeray. 

Thackeray Dictionary. 

Mudge. 

r; Library of the World’s Best Literature. 

(30 volumes, or more, 


A JLX ^ VQ o --/-- - / 

synopses of many works of literature are given; the index to the works outlined 
is under title, and precedes the synopses. These outlines of over 400 of the best 
novels are now published separately, by the Macmillan Company. They are 
known as Reader's Digest of Books ^ by H. R. Keller. 

Book Reviews: Some book reviews are practically synopses. 

The Reader's Handbook, by Brewer, has been a serviceable book for many 
years, [t gives synopses of a few of the older standard works of literature. 

15 


Encyclopaedias in Foreign Languages 

Nearly every country publishes its own reference books. Standard modern 
encyclopaedias are written in the following languages: 

Chinese; French; German; Hungarian; Italian; Norwegian; Russian; 
Spanish; Swedish. 

Development of the Encyclopaedic Plan 

The need of having knowledge arranged in a systematic way for its preserva¬ 
tion and for reference purposes was recognized centuries ago. If the details of the 
growth of such reference books are desired they can be found under the article 
Encyclopaedia in any good modern encyclopaedia. 

The name Chambers, in connection with encyclopaedias, is one which has been 
honored for about two hundred years. In 1728, Ephriam Chambers issued an 
encyclopaedia in two volumes. The alphabetical arrangement of information 
was unusual at that time, and the plan had a wide spread influence in other 
countries. This encyclopaedia has been revised and enlarged many times; the 
date of the last revision is 1923. 

’ A very important encyclopaedia was published in France just before the 
French Revolution. The scholars who prepared this encyclopaedia are known 
in literature as The Encyclopaedists. 

• 

An Encyclopaedia for Young Readers 

Articles in the large standard encyclopaedias are usually written for adults, 
and are often difficult for young students. The need of a reliable reference 
work suited to students of the upper grammar and high school grades has long 
been felt. A number of reference books have been published for this purpose. A 
most satisfactory one is: 

The World Book; 10 volumes, published by W. E. Quarrie & Co., Chicago. 

The articles are written in simple language. 

A complete index is given in Volume 10. 

A list of related topics is given at the end of all general articles. 

Many articles are signed. 

Important subjects are outlined; frequently questions draw out the main 

points. 

The set is well illustrated. 

Beginning with the year 1921, this encyclopaedia added a most valuable 
feature by publishing a brief year-book, in paper binding, which is so inexpen¬ 
sive that any school could have copies. The plan is to give the events of a single 
year in a style corresponding to that of the encyclopaedia. The articles are in 
alphabetical order, are not too detailed, and are confined to world interests for 
one year. 

An encyclopaedia has been prepared for pupils in grades as low as the third or 
fourth. It is entitled: 

Pictured Encyclopaedia; 8 volumes, published by Compton & Co., Chicago. 

/ 

The title of the encyclopaedia mentioned above indicates that subjects are 
presented as largely as possible through pictures. 

Either of these encyclopaedias for young readers may be serviceable for adults 
when dates and main points only are needed. 


16 


Questions for Encyclopaedias 

Note: Numbers in margin at right of questions below, give values on scale of 100% 

1—a. How many volumes constitute the eleventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica? 

b. How many volumes have been added to make the twelfth edition? 


c. What decade does the recent volumes cover? 

d. Are the editions indexed together or separately?.4 each = 16 

2—What does the abbreviation g. v. mean?. 5 


3— a. Which encyclopaedia is issued in loose-leaf binding? 

b. How frequently are separate leaves, containing current information, issued for the 
Loose-leaf encyclopaedia?.5 each = 10 

4— Articles under countries in encyclopaedias are usually quite extensively sub-arranged. What 

do the following subdivisions mean? 

< 

Fauna Flora Bibliography.4 each = 12 


5— Under any country or city, in an encyclopaedia, is the history usually given among the first 

or among the last subdivisions of the article?.5 

6— Under the word “Plato,” in the index of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the following refer¬ 


ence appears: 12-513c. 

Name the volume, page, column, and part of column to which reference is made.5 

7—Which of the encyclopaedias for adults issues a year-book?.5 


8—a. Name a good encyclopaedia written especially for young people. 


b. Name an encyclopaedia for children.5 each = 10 

9 —Name an encyclopaedia which enters important fictitious characters.5 


10—Should titles of prominent works of literature be looked for in the Britannica through the 
index, or in alphabetical order in the body of the work?.5 


11— Name three modern dictionaries which give characters in fiction.2 each = 6 

12— Which dictionary enters proper names in a separate volume?.2 


13— In what part of an article on Lowell in a good encyclopaedia should one look for the best 

books about him?. 5 

14— Wliat does synopsis mean?.4 


15—Name five countries which have standard encyclopaedias 


1 each = 5 

















Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required Feature of the Regular English Course 

Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicate its value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, students are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate for passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work in the library pamphlet for that course has been completed, 
the fact will be established in the student^s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference books to be as neces¬ 
sary as is training in other educational lines. 


Reference Guides 

/ 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 


By 

Florence M. Hopkins 

Librarian 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 


PI 


This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Library Classification and Card Catalogue 


THIRD EDITION 


PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 

REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 




















Cop 3 rright 1948 

by 

FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 




The pamphlet on Webster s New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionary. 

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword^ on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for cents each 
plus carriage, from 

THE WILLARD COMPANY, 

601 West Fort Street, 

DETROIT, MICH. 



NOTE; Arrangementa have been made between The G. & C. Memam Co. and the Willard Co. by means 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New International dictionary can be sold much more cheaply than can the lessons on 
miscellaneous reference books. It is hoped that this plan will make it possible for schools to adopt at once the Actionary 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the first term of high school English work, and the other pamphlets later. 




Q 


's 

r 

F ore word 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference Guides That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them, which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for 
high and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 


List of Pamphlets in the Series 

Graded to'correspond with High School English Courses 


English T 
English 2- 
English S- 
English Jf 
English 5- 
English 6- 
English 7- 
English 8- 


-WehsteTs New International Dictionary. 

-Parts of a hook: Concordances. 
-Encyclopaedias. 

-Library classification and card catalogue. 
-Year-books. 

-Indexes to periodical literature. 

-Commercial guides. 

-Government publications: city, state, and federal. 


It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools, club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes of failure in the freshman college year: four statements were 
formulated, one of which reads as follows: “Students should be trained to use 
ordinary means of securing information, such as: the table of contents, the index, 
the dictionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readers^ Guide to Periodical 
Literature, the newspaper, the informational magazine .It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


1 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 
badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools, each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 
graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 
it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
class work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 

According to the library code for capitalization all words in a title begin with 
a lower case letter instead of with a capital, except the first word, proper nouns, 
and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Certain specimen pages will show 
that some publishers follow this code. 


The following paragraphs are taken from the 
Foreword of the First Edition 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
“Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,” from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.” 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

. . . Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 

and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 

Every new student should be required to take 
some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 


Library Classification and 
Card Catalogue 


If the hundreds of thousands of volumes in large libraries are to be made 
available, some carefully planned system for the arrangement of books on the 
shelves is necessary. Many experiments have been made with different plans, 
but the one which meets with the greatest favor at the present time is a “Decimal 
system’’ devised by Melvil Dewey. The Library of Congress has its special 
S 3 "stem, which is used by a few other libraries. 


Dewey or Decimal System of Library Classification 

Under the Dewey or Decimal system of library classification all books on the 
same subject are arranged by means of numbers. Ten large subjects, each 
of which is assigned to a hundred division, form the basis of the system. For 
example, science is represented by 500; literature, by 800; fine arts, by 700. The 
hundreds are next subdivided into tens, each ten representing some division of the 
main subject, as: 810, American literature, 820 English literature; physics is 
represented by 530, a particular science under 500; music is represented by 
780, a particular division of fine arts. Each of the tens is next divided into 
units: as 811, American poetry, a division of American literature; 537, electricity, 
a division of physics; 784, vocal music, a division of music. 

When possible, certain numbers stand for certain subjects: for example, 
a “0” always represents something general, whether it occupies the units, tens, or 
hundreds position. If a book is about England, a “2” will appear somewhere 
in the book-number; the reverse, however, is not the case; that is, if a “2” appears 
in a book-number, the book is not necessarily about England. This will be 
illustrated more fully on the following page. A careful study of the significance 
of each number is too detailed for a brief lesson. 

When accurate work is done for a library, it is necessary to have access to 
the full classification, with its index. These tables serve for general outlines only. 


Questions Drawing Out the Arrangement of Table 1, 

Which Follows 

Consult Table 1, on page 4, and read carefully and thoughtfully all of the 
numbers, and the subjects which they represent, from 000 through 900, including 
also the divisions for biography and fiction, below 900. 


3 


Table 1 

Illustrating the Dewey or Decimal System of Library Classification Under 

Hundreds 

000—General works; such as encyclopaedias, magazines, newspapers. 

100—Philosophy; such as psychology, ethics, philosophy. 

200—Religion; such as mythology; any book on any religion. 

300—Sociology; such as government, education. 

400—Philology (language); such as grammars, history of language. 

500—Science; such as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics. 

600—Useful arts; such as engineering, medicine, manufactures. 

700—Fine arts; such as painting, music, sculpture, architecture. 

800—Literature; such as poetry, dramas, essays of any country. 

900—History; such as travel, description, history. 

B—Biography being a very large subject, is classified in some libraries by 
itself, under “B.” Other libraries, however, use a division under history, 920, 
for biography, as the life of a person is simply the history of an individual, instead 
of the history of a country. Under 920, the life of an artist would be numbered 
927; 7 is used because 700 represents fine arts. What line of work would be 
represented by biographies numbered as follows: 922; 925; 928; 921; 924; 929? 

Fiction—Most libraries do not classify fiction under a number. Books of 
fiction are usually placed on the shelves in alphabetical order under the first 
letter of the author’s surname, with titles arranged in sub-alphabetical order. 
Some libraries, however, classify fiction under a division of literature, 800. 

How many zeros appear in the first division? As there are only nine di¬ 
visions from 100 through 900, and as the system requires ten divisions to carry 
out the decimal plan, the division of 000 is improvised to meet this need. It is, 
in all respects, treated as the other divisions. 

Classify books on the following subjects. 

Chemistry. History of England. 

Study of music. Encyclopaedias. 

David Copperfield; story by Dickens. English grammar. 

Questions Drawing Out the Arrangement of Table 2, 

Which Follows 

Table 2, on page 5, repeats the main divisions under Table 1, but shows 
how each subject is separated into ten subdivisions. Consult the table under 
800, and give the numbers for: French literature, Italian literature, Greek 
literature. Under 400, give the numbers for: French language, Italian language, 
Greek language. Notice that the numbers in the tens position correspond. 
When a book is about France, “4” will appear somewhere in the number; though 
of course not necessarily in the tens position; if the book is about Italy, “5” will 
appear; if it is about Greece, “8” will appear. 




4 


Table 2 


Illustrating the Dewey or Decimal System of Library Glassification Under 

Divisions by Tens 


000 GENERAL WORKS. 
010 Bibliography. 

020 Library Economy. 

030 General Cyclopedias. 
040 General Collections. 
050 General Periodicals. 
060 General Societies. 

070 Newspapers. 

080 Special Libraries. 

090 Book Rarities. 


100 PHILOSOPHY. 

110 Metaphysics. 

120 Special Metaphysical Topics. 
130 Mind and Body. 

140 Philosophical Systems. 

150 Mental Faculties. Psychology. 
160 Logic. 

170 Ethics. 

180 Ancient Philosophers. 

190 Modern Philosophers. 


500 NATURAL SCIENCE. 
510 Mathematics. 

520 Astronomy. 

530 Physics. 

540 Chemistry. 

550 Geology. 

560 Paleontology. 

570 Biology. 

580 Botany. 

590 Zoology. 


600 USEFUL ARTS. 

610 Medicine. 

620 Engineering. 

630 Agriculture. 

640 Domestic Economy. 

650 Communication and Commerce. 
660 Chemical Technology. 

670 Manufactures. 

680 Mechanic Trades. 

690 Building. 


200 RELIGION. 

210 Natural Theology. 

220 Bible. 

230 Doctrinal. 

240 Devotional and Practical. 

250 Homiletic, Pastoral. 

260 Church. Institutions. 

270 Religious History. 

280 Christian Churches and Sects. 
290 Non-Christian Religions. 


700 FINE ARTS. 

710 Landscape Gardening. 
720 Architecture. 

730 Sculpture. 

740 Drawing. Design. 
750 Painting. 

760 Engraving. 

770 Photography. 

780 Music. 

790 Amusements. 


300 SOCIOLOGY. 

310 Statistics. 

320 Political Science. 

330 Political Economy. 

340 Law. 

350 Administration. 

360 Associations and Institutions. 

370 Education. 

380 Commerce and Communication. 
390 Customs. Costumes. Folklore. 


800 LITERATURE. 
810 American. 

820 English. 

830 German. 

840 French. 

850 Italian. 

860 Spanish. 

870 Latin. 

880 Greek. 

890 Minor Languages. 


400 LANGUAGE (Philology). 
410 Comparative. 

420 English. 

430 German. 

440 French. 

450 Italian. 

460 Spanish. 

470 Latin. 

480 Greek. 

490 Minor Languages. 


900 HISTORY. 

910 Geography and Description. 
*920 Biography. 

930 Ancient History. 

940 Europe. 

950 Asia. 

960 Africa. 

970 North America. 

980 South America. 

990 Oceanica and Polar Regions. 


♦Biography is often classified by a “B" instead of by a number. Fiction is usually classified 
alphabetically by the author’s surname, and therefore has no number. 


6 


Explanation of Cutter Table of Author-marks 


What number, in Table 2, represents American literature under 800? The 
number for American poetry, a division of American literature, not shown in 
the table, is 811. It is evident, therefore, that the poems of Longfellow, 
Whittier, Bryant, Lowell, and all other American poets will have the same num¬ 
ber, that of 811, unless some provision is made to distinguish them. It is as im¬ 
possible for two books in a library to have exactly the same number, as it would 
be for two pages in a book to be numbered alike. Libraries avoid such diffi¬ 
culties by following the Dewey number with the first letter in the author’s sur¬ 
name. For Bryant’s poems a “B” would follow 8II; for Holmes’ poems an 
“H” would follow 8II. This would be a very simple solution' if there were not 
several authors whose surnames begin with the same letter. Longfellow and 
Lowell and Lanier would each be 811L under this plan, unless a further division 
were used. Of course, Longfellow might be, “811 Lon,” and Lowell, “811 Low,” 
and Lanier, “811 Lan,” but this would be confusing. Therefore a key, show¬ 
ing the relation of the alphabet to numbers, has been carefully worked out by 
C. A. Cutter. These numbers range between 10 and 100 to correspond with 
the alphabetical position of the second and third letters of the author’s sur¬ 
name; if the fourth letter is designated, three numbers appear on the scale of 
10 to 1000. The scale gradually changes from low numbers, which represent 
letters in the first part of the alphabet, to high numbers, which represent letters 
in the latter part of the alphabet. Experience has proved that it is easier to 
handle books and cards if arranged by numbers than if arranged by letters. 

Consult the following specimen entry of the “Cutter Table of Author-marks” 
for “B,” find “Bry,” and give the number in connection with it. The Cutter 
number for Bryant is B84, because “ry,” the second and third letters in Bryant, 
are near the end of the alphabet, and “84” is a relative distance from 10 to 100. 
By placing this Cutter number, “B84,” after the Dewey number, “811,” the 
complete classification for Bryant’s poems becomes 811-B84. This number is 
used by the majority of libraries of America for Bryant’s poems. 

The Dewey and the Cutter numbers for the poems of John Burroughs, an 
American poet, are 811-B94. Give the Cutter number only for: Botsford; 
Browning; Burns. When the number for a name cannot be exact, as Bartlett, 
for example, use the number directly preceding. Give the number for Bamford. 
Tell, without consulting the table, whether the number following B, in the name 
Bacon, would be a high or a low number. Which would be the higher number, 
the one for Bedford, or the one for Bennett? 

The complete table contains a key for each letter in the alphabet, 
corresponding with the specimen entry for B. This key is used by almost all 
libraries. Many libraries do not place any Dewey number before the Cutter 
number for fiction. The number for a story by Barrie, entitled “Sentimental 
Tommy” is B27S. “B27” is the Cutter number for Barrie; “S” represents the 

first letter of the title. Give the number for a story by Blackmore entitled 
“Lorna Doone.” Some libraries do not even give a Cutter number for fiction, 
but put authors alphabetically on the shelf without such close classifying. 

6 


As we have seen, many libraries use a “B” instead of a Dewey number for 
biography. The “B’’ is placed first, then the initial letter of the surname of the 
one written about, with its Cutter number. The Cutter number is then followed 
by the initial of the author’s surname. Under this plan, the book- 
number for a biography of Daniel Boone, by Abbott, would be B-B64-A. The first 
“B” classifies the book under biography. “B64” is the Cutter number for Boone 
(the one written about). ‘‘A” indicates that the author’s name begins with “A.” 

Specimen entry for “B” from Gutter Table of Author Marks 


Ba 11 

Bax 33 

Bix 55 

Brim 77 

Bac 12 

Bay 34 

Bl 56 

Bro 78 

Baco 13 

Be 35 

Blaf 57 

Broo 79 

Bad 14 

Beal 36 

Blak 58 

Brow 81 

Bail 15 

Beam 37 

Blan 59 

Browni 82 

Bain 16 

Bear 38 

Bland 61 

Bru 83 

Bak 17 

Bed 39 

Bio 62 

Bry 84 

Bal 18 

Bel 41 

Bo 63 

Bua 85 

Bald 19 

Bern 42 

Bon 64 

Bue 86 

Ball 21 

Ben 43 

Bot 65 

Bui 87 

Ban 22 

Beno 44 

Bou 66 

Bum 88 

Bar 23 

Beo 45 

Bow 67 

Bura 89 

Bark 24 

Bers 46 

Bowl 68 

Burg 91 

Barm 25 

Bi 47 

Box 69 

Burl 92 

Barne 26 

Big 48 

Boin 71 

Burn 93 

Barr 27 

Bil 49 

Bra 72 

Burr 94 

Bars 28 

Bim 51 

Brae 73 

Burt 95 

Bas 29 

Bio 52 

Bre 74 

Bus 96 

Bat 31 

Bir 53 

Brem 75 

But 97 

Batf 32 

Bis 54 

Bri 76 

Butp 98 


Arrangement of Books on Shelves 

The number by which a book is classified is known as a “call number” 
because the book is called for by that number. This “call number” is written 
or stamped on the back of the book so that one can readily find its place on 
the shelf. All books of the same class are together, sub-arranged first by 
numbers, and then by the letters of the author’s name. 

Consider the illustration below as a shelf of books classified under literature. 
Do not attempt to read the titles, but by referring to the numbers near the 
bottom of the books tell between what numbers American Literature by New¬ 



comer, 810-N43, would be placed? Are Holmes’ Poems, 811-H73, in? Are 
Lowell’s Poems, 811-L89, in? Are Longfellow’s Poems, 811-L83, in? Are 
Tennyson’s Poems, 821-T25, in? Are Bacon’s essays, 824-B12 in? 


7 



































































Shelf Lists 


It is necessary for libraries to have a file of cards arranged in the order in 
which books are placed on the shelves, to make it possible to determine what 
books have been assigned to certain numbers, or what books may be missing 
from any section. This file of cards, called a “shelf-list,” is not ordinarily needed 
by the users of the library. 

Before taking tip the next subject^ it would be well to memorize the ten main 
divisions of the Dewey or Decimal classification as given on page 4, Table L 


Card Catalogue 

A card catalogue of a library consists of cards, uniform in size, for all books 
in the library. These cards are written, or typewritten, or printed. Each card 
represents either: 

An author; A title; A subject; or 

A special chapter or phase of some one book. 

The complete catalogue gives full information on such points for every 
book in the library. The cards are usually filed in one alphabetical order, in 
cabinets made for the purpose; and, to prevent misplacement, are fastened by a 
rod run through a hole in the bottom of each card. 



The above cut represents a drawer of such a cabinet as it would appear 
if it were removed. Notice that the front of this drawer indicates that it 
contains cards in alphabetical order from A to K. If the book which is 
represented by the card in full view just below the word Cuba were to be 
called for, the number in the upper left-hand corner of the card, 970-F, 
would be copied by the one desiring the book and handed to some one 
in charge of the library. This number shows where the book is. located on 
the shelves; the “9” indicates that it is in the section of history; the “7,” 
that it is among the books on American history, and the “0,” that it treats of 
some general phase of American history; the “F,” represents the initial of the 
author’s surname: in this fine print no Cutter number is given. The ^^call num- 
her'* is always entered in the upper left-hand corner of the card. 


8 



Guide Cards 


Notice that after Cuba, a card headed “Dickens’’ extends above the other 
cards. What word, beginning with “E,” extends above the line immediately 
following Dickens? These cards are called “guide cards,” because they guide 
one to the location of certain letters in the catalogue. If a card for a book on 
Fish is in the drawer, it would appear between what guide cards? 


Library of Congress Printed Cards 

If a catalogue is to give a complete record of the authors, the titles, and 
the subjects of all of the books in a library, several cards must be made for each 
book. This, of course, means much careful work, which should be done only 
by those who have been trained in the details of cataloguing methods. As cards 
for the same book are nearly the same in all libraries, it is obvious that there 
is much wasted energy in writing these cards separately for each library. A 
central bureau has therefore been established by the Library of Congress for 

I ” 1 

I 

Parkman, Francis, 1823-1893. 

The California and Oregon trail; being sketches of 
prairie and Rocky Mountain life, by Francis Parkman, 
jr., with an introduction by Edward G. Bourne, ph. d. 
New York, T. Y. Crowell & co. [1901] 

1 p. 1,, xix, 416 p. front, (port.) 19*^'". 

Added t.-p.: The Oregon trail. 

1. The West—Descr. & trav. 2. Indians of North America—The West. 

3. Frontier life—The West. 

0 1-16630 
F592.P256 

©1901 A12474 


the purpose of supplying other libraries with printed cards, similar to the 
illustration above. As the Library of Congress receives two free copies of 
every book which is copyrighted in the United States, its card catalogue has 
a printed card for all such books. Cards are also printed for all other books in 
the Congressional Library. These cards can be purchased by any library, public 
or private, for a trifle more than blank cards. It is therefore possible for a small 
library to be catalogued as carefully as a large one is. For details, address: 
Printed Card Catalogue Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C- 


9 






A Library of Congress card for “California and Oregon Trail’’ by Francis 
Parkman is reproduced in exact size, on page 9. All entries are made by using 
this form, which is the only one printed. 

To make an “author card” from this printed form, all that is necessary is 
to enter the “call number,” 917.P256, in the upper left-hand corner. The card 
would be filed in the catalogue in alphabetical order under Parkman, Francis. 

A title card, made from this form, would have the title, “California and 
Oregon trail” written above Parkman, and the call number entered in its proper 
place. The card would be filed in the catalogue in alphabetical order under 
California. See reduced cut below. 




CX/YvdL O . 

Parkman, Francis, 1823-1893. 

The California and Oregon trail; being sketches of 
prairie and Rocky Mountain life, by Francis Parkman, 
jr., with an introduction by Edward G. Bourne, ph. d. 
New York, T. Y. Crowell & co. [1901] 

1 p. I., xix, 416 p. front, (port.) 19'^"’ 

Added t.-p.; The Oregon trail. 


1. The West—Descr. & trav. 2 Indians of North America—The West. 
3. Frontier life—The West. 


Library of Congress 


©1901 A 12474 


O FS92.P2S6 


1-16630 


Under the library 
code of capitaliza¬ 
tion, ordinary 
words in a title 
begin with a lower 
case letter instead 
of with a capital. 
Notice that trail on 
the card begins 
with a lower case 
letter. 


As the book is about Oregon as much as it is about California, a third card 
would be made by writing “Oregon trail” above the word Parkman, entering 
the call number, and filing the card under Oregon. 

Other entries are needed for this book, beside those for author and title. 
Three suggested subjects are numbered and abbreviated a little below the middle 
of the card. Glance at the card above and tell what is suggested for number 2? 
If a card were made for this subject, the words “Indians of North America—the 
West” would be written on the printed form above the word Parkman, the call 
number entered, and the card filed in alphabetical order under Indians. The 
numbers at the lower left are the copyright numbers of the card itself. The 
number at the right of the indicated hole is the Library of Congress classifi¬ 
cation number, only the second part of which, P256, will be familiar. The last 
number on the card is the one by which it is filed in the Library of Congress. 

The sample card which follows shows how carefully every important essay 
in Lowell’s “My Study Windows” should be catalogued. As the essays do not 
all relate to the same subject, and as the subjects cannot be surmised from the 
title, each essay is listed after the word Contents. Give the title of the first 
essay, and also of the second. In the paragraph below “Contents,” the 
important subjects treated in the essays are numbered, indicating that a card 


10 



should be made for each one. What are the first and second subjects suggested? 
What is the eleventh subject? After the last subject, the word Title indicates 
that a title card should be made. To make this title card, what words should 
be written above Lowell? Dates are given after the name of each person for 
whom a subject card is to be made. After number 4, find when Carlyle lived; 
after number 10, when Emerson lived. Give the dates for Lowell, which are at 
the top of the card. Where would the call number, which, is 814.L95, be 
entered on each card made? 


Lowell, James Russell, 1819-1891. 

My study windows. By James Russell Lowell .. Bos¬ 
ton, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company r®1899i 
4 p. L 433 p 20""* ^ ^ I 

“Forty third impression “ 

Contents— My garden acquaintance—A good word for winter—On a 
condescension in foreigners—A great public character—Carlyle.— 
Abraham Lincoln—The life and letters of James Gates Percival—Tho- 
reau—Swinburne’s tragedies—Chaucer-Library of old authors—Emer¬ 
son, the lecturer—Pope 

,Jc 2 Winter 3 Quincy, Josiah, 1772-1864 4 Carlyle, Thomas, 

1795 1881 5 Lincoln, Abraham, pres U S, 1809—1865. 6, Percival, James 

Gates, 1795-1856 7 Thoreau, Henry David, 1817-1862 8 Swinburne 

Algernon Charles, 1837-1909 9 Chaucer, Geoffrey, d. 1400 10. Emerson’ 

Ralph Waldo 1803-1882 11 Pope, Alexander, 168^1744 i Title 


Library of Congress 



17-16121 


PS2320A1 1899 a 


Practical Suggestions for Using a Card Catalogue 

Though users of a card catalogue do not need to be troubled with the details 
of cataloguing, which belong to a special feature of library economy, they should 
thoroughly realize the value of a card catalogue, and be perfectly familiar with 
the plan upon which it is arranged; otherwise they cannot be independent, or 
feel at home, in finding material in large libraries. 

Dates; Editions; Publishers 

The habit of noticing the dates and publishers of books should be cultivated. 
The date is often immaterial, but sometimes it is very important. A book 
on submarine boats printed in 1910 would be practically useless. It is 
also advisable to notice whether or not the catalogue contains cards for 
different editions of a work. Important books usually pass through many 
editions. Bartlett^s “Familiar Quotations,” for example, has passed through ten 
editions; the last one, of course, is more complete and better arranged than any 
preceding edition. The works of Milton, Shakespeare, Dickens, Scott, and 
of many other authors, have passed through numbers of editions. Early editions 
of the works of a prominent author are valuable. 

The publisher of a book is often a recommendation of it. Good publishers 
are anxious to have a reputation for giving satisfactory service, as are all other 


11 









responsible business houses. A good publisher’s name, therefore, means that 
honest work is guaranteed, and that the subject matter of the book has been 
approved by a responsible firm. 


Call Number Easily Found Under Entry with Fewest Cards 

Before consulting the card catalogue for the call number of a desired book, 
if the author, subject and title of the book are all known, try to think under 
which entry the fewest number of cards would have to be handled. For example, 
should one wish to draw from a large library a copy of the collection of English 
essays written by John Brown, entitled “Spare Hours,” the call number for 
the book would have to be found in the card catalogue under either author, title 
or subject. Under the author. Brown, John, as many cards would be found 
as there were books in the library either by or about a man so named. To find 
the John Brown desired would necessitate the handling of many cards. A still 
larger number of cards would be found under the subject, “Essays—English.” 
Under the title, “Spare Hours,” there would be very little probability of finding 
any other cards with exactly the same heading. 

When a catalogue contains many cards on a subject, find the first card headed 
with the word desired, then the last one, and glance over the guide cards which 
may come between them. If this plan is followed, a reference can often be readily 
located, which otherwise might require the handling of so many cards that one would 
become discouraged. 


Sub-arranging Entries Under a Letter or a Subject 

Unless one is alert to the fact that a plan must be adopted for sub-arranging 
long lists under a main word, or a subject, or a letter, an important reference may 
be lost. Though standard rules for filing are gradually being adopted, they are not 
as yet uniform in libraries, publishing houses, and business firms. ’ 

It requires careful training and study to arrange long lists of references in 
accord with the best approved methods, and filing should be done only by those 
trained for the work. However, any one who frequently consults files for informa¬ 
tion needs to know some of the general principles applied. One cannot use even a 
large telephone directory, or a city directory, without knowing the plan followed 
by the local publisher. 


Different Plans of Alphabetizing Outlined 

# 

Persons; places; titles, beginning with the same word: If one should look in a card 
catalogue, or in an encyclopaedia, under the word Lincoln many entries beginning 
with the word Lincoln would be found. Usually persons are listed first, followed 
by a sub-alphabetical arrangement according to given names, as in a telephone 
directory. P/acg5 are usually entered next; those in the United States being sub¬ 
arranged alphabetically by the state in which the place is located. Odd entries 
are usually listed third, such as; Lincoln college; Lincoln-Dmglass debates; Lincoln 
Green; Lincoln highway; Lincoln monument. 


12 


Proper names differently spelled: Remember that proper names may be spelled 
differently, Eliot or Elliot or Elliott; Grey or Gray; Osborn or Osbourn. Each 
spelling is entered in its own alphabetical order, with all its sub-entries under it. 
A cross reference from one spelling to another usually appears. 

Titles beginning with numbers: Titles beginning with numbers are filed as they 
would be if the numbers were written out. 20th Century Outlook would come 
under Twentieth Century Outlook. 

Word by word arrangement: When many entries begin with the same word, all 
entries beginning with that word are usually completed before a different word is 
introduced, even if a strict alphabetical order of letter by letter is thus interrupted. 
If many titles begin with the word My, all second words following My 
will probably appear in alphabetical order before any title beginning with a word 
other than My. Under this arrangement, a book entitled My Year’s Experience 
would be listed before one entitled Mystery Tales, even though y, the third letter in 
the first title (for Year’s) comes after s, the third letter in the second entry. Mystery. 
Under a similar ruling. Out With the Birds would appear before Outside the Walls, 
if many entries under Out were given. In recent publications, this rule applies to 
combinations of words. For example, all titles beginning with Finger would appear 
before one beginning with Fingerposts, because posts is joined with finger to make 
another word. A book entitled Fingerposts to Children’s Reading might therefore 
be listed after one entitled Finger Technic. Under the same ruling. Art Museum 
would appear before Artcraft; New Hampshire, before Newcomb; New Zealand before 
Newport. Many times, however, the word by word arrangement is displaced by a 
strict letter by letter arrangement. 

Initials following surnames: Surnames, when followed by initials instead of 
by full given names, are often placed before those followed by the full name. 
Under this plan, Miller, W. I., might appear before Miller, Albert; or it might be 
found under Miller, preceding the full given names beginning with W., or, 
possibly, following such names. 

Initials in titles: When an entry begins with initials, not abbreviations, it is 
usually placed at the beginning of all other entries for that letter. H. H., a pen 
name for Helen Hunt, would probably appear at the very beginning of the 
alphabet for H. A book entitled 0 K Guide, might be found at the beginning of the 
list under 0, taking precedence of one entitled Oak Farm. 

Abbreviations spelled in full: When a title begins with an abbreviation, it 
is often placed in the alphabetical order which it would have if the abbreviation 
were spelled in full. For example, under M, the novel entitled ikfr. Britling 
Sees It Through, might be found under i as the second letter (for Mister), not r for 
Mr., though it would be printed Mr. Similarly, words beginning with St. or with 
Dr. usually appear as they would if the words were spelled in full. 

Occasionally, names beginning with Me., followed by those beginning with 
Mac., appear before all other entries under M; however, usage differs greatly. 
Generally names beginning with either Me. or Mac. are in strict alphabetical order 
under Mac. The surnames McAdam and Macadam are usually treated as though 
spelled alike, and appear in the order of any other word beginning with maca. 
After the given names, titles or subjects appear in alphabetical order, as Macadam 
Rock, Macadamized Road. 


13 


Titled individuals under Christian names: If a given name, as John, applies to 
many titled individuals, the order of the entries is usually as follows: saints; popes; 
emperors; kings; noblemen, followed by lesser titles. Under popes, the second 
arrangement is by number; under kings, the second arrangement is alphabetically 
by country, and the third by number under country. Charles II of England 
would therefore appear before Charles I of France, because England precedes 
France in alphabetical order. Which would come first, Charles IV of Spain or 
Charles I of Sweden? 

History in chronological order: Under the history of a country, the references are 
frequently sub-arranged by dates. Under American history the first books 
listed may refer to the period of discovery; the next division to books on the 
colonial period; the third to those on the Revolution, etc. Plans differ. 

Entries under an author’s name: When many entries are made under an author’s 
name, those appearing first are usually his complete works; those appearing last, 
books about him. Individual works, if bound separately, are usually listed after 
the complete works, and are sub-arranged by the title of the work. Under 
Shakespeare, the first group of entries would probably refer to complete editions 
of his plays; the second group would list plays in alphabetical order by title, if 
bound separately; these would be followed by biographies and essays about Shake¬ 
speare. 

Special Indexes 

As we have seen, a card catalogue indexes all books which a library contains 
under as many different headings as are necessary. A card catalogue, however, 
is necessarily limited in its scope, and cannot index every reference in the library. 
Magazine articles, for example, are exceedingly valuable for reference work, but, 
if a card catalogue should attempt to include an index of them, it would become 
so cumbersome that it would be more annoying than helpful. Excellent indexes 
are prepared separately for magazines, and are issued in printed form. As magazine 
indexes are explained in another place, no details are given here. The fact that 
special indexes are prepared for widely different needs should be kept in mind 
when in search for reference material. Telephone directories, and city directories, 
for example, are special indexes. An English dictionary, is simply an exhaustive 
index to the words in the English language; indeed, the dictionary was one of 
the first indexes made; a biographical dictionary is practically an index which 
lists prominent persons of the world, giving a brief sketch of each; a chemical 
dictionary lists and explains chemical terms; a dictionary of dates arranges 
historical events in chronological order; a concordance indexes words used by an 
author. 

A few important special indexes are mentioned below. Read the description 
of each book, and try to realize why it was prepared. 

A. L. A. Portrait Index. (American Library Association.) 

An index of portraits contained in over 6,000 volumes of books 
and periodicals published prior to 1905 listing about 120,000 portraits. 

Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature. 

Indexes articles and portraits in many current magazines. 


14 


Baker, Ernest A. Guide to Historical Fiction. 

Guide to Best Fiction. 

These two large volumes list fiction only. The first one classifies 
historical novels under periods of history; the second classifies standard 
novels as literature of the different nations. Each volume has an 
excellent index of authors, titles, subjects; frequently very prominent 
fictitious characters are entered in the index. 

Through the index to Best Fiction, one can occasionally trace 
novels relating to some central interest, such as: music, slum life, 
blindness, etc. 


Granger, Edith. Index to Poetry and Recitations. 

The Granger Index enables one to find familiar selections which are 
scattered in out-of-the-way books. By means of it, one can find such 
favorites as: the ‘‘Old Oaken Bucket;” “’Twas the Night before 
Christmas;” “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.” 

It indexes about 400 volumes of miscellaneous collections of poems, 
recitations and readings. Each selection is indexed three times: 

1: The index for the titles of the selections requires about the 
first third of the book. All references to books containing selections 
are made under the title index only. 

2: The index for the authors requires the second third. 

3: The index for the first lines requires the last third. 

If only the first line of the poem or recitation is remembered, look 
for it in the ‘‘First Line Index,” and reference will be made to the title; 
if only the author is known, look in the “Author Index,” and a similar 
reference will be found. If all three are known, look first in the “Title 
Index.” Collections are referred to under initials which stand for the 
words of the titles of the collections, as: BNL refers to a collection of 
poems entitled BryanVs New Library of Poetry and Song; BLP refers to 
Beacon Lights of Patriotism. The key to these abbreviations appears 
at the front of the Granger Index. Most libraries have copies of many 
of the collections of poems and recitations indexed. 


Book Selection: Bibliography 

An important phase of education is that of training one’s self to know where 
to [^find lists of the best books on desired subjects. Our need for selection 
ranges from the best books for children to the best books for young people and 
adults in the line of stories, travel, history, science, or other interests. One 
needs to be guarded against the danger of being absorbed by the mediocre. If 
we wish to grow, and to cultivate a taste for the best literature, we must do 
some reading above our level. 


15 


The American Library Association 


One of the most valuable educational influences of recent years is the American 
Library Association. Few people, other than those connected with libraries, 
realize the full extent of its work. This association has been a large factor 
in establishing the exceptional service which we have through the public library 
system in this country. It publishes most carefully prepared lists of selected 
books; and, to an unusual extent, lives up to its motto, ‘‘Best reading, for the 
greatest number, at the least cost.’’ The following publications of this Associa¬ 
tion are excellent for book selection: 78 E. Washington Street, Chicago. 

8000 Titles for a Popular Library {1904). {Now sold by Superintendent of Docu¬ 
ments, Washington, D. C.) 

3000 Titles for a Popular Library {1905-1911, supplement). 

4000 Titles for a Popular Library {1912-1921, supplement). 

* 

Booklist, issued monthly, keeping the above up to date. 

Mud^e—New Guide to Reference Books. 

The H. W. Wilson Company 
958-972 University Avenue, New York. 

This firm publishes more bibliography than any other firm in the world. 

Their publications which refer to book selection are: 

c 

Book Review Digest: monthly; reviews current books. 

Standard Catalogue: bimonthly; reviews current books for small libraries. 

State Library Commissions: Other Educational Bodies 

Library commissions, located at state capitals, frequently publish valuable 
lists, usually free to schools of the state and sold very reasonably outside of the 
state. 

Much excellent work is done by many state library commissions in the way of 
sending boxes of books, known as traveling libraries, to small towns and rural 
districts. Some states maintain an automobile traveling library which carries 
books at frequent regular intervals to isolated places. 

Many local Libraries, Boards of Education, Normal Schools, Publishers, etc. 
issue lists of books for various needs. 

The United States Bureau of Education has issued a list of books fora high 
school library; bulletin 41, 1917, prepared by Martha Wilson, which can be 
purchased through the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. This 
list, abridged and revised, without annotations, has been issued by Huntting 
Co., Springfield, Mass. 


References in Scattered Books 

In addition to the above lists the student should bear in mind that guides 
to good books, frequently headed “Bibliography,” can be found: 

a. At the end of articles in good general encyclopsedias, and in encyclo¬ 
paedias and dictionaries of special subjects. 

b. In many good text-books on the subject desired. 

c. In many good special works on the subject desired. 


16 


Questions for 

Library Glassification and Card Catalogue 


Note; Numbers in margin at right qf questions below, give values on seals of 100%, 

1— Name any five of the main subjects in the Dewey or Decimal system of library classification, 

giving the correct hundred number for each....4 each=20 

2— Fiction, if numbered at all, is usually classified alphabetically under the initial of the author’s 

surname, followed by the Cutter number, and then by the initial of the title. “D.55" 
stands for Dickens; “D55L” stands for Little Dorrit. Give the number for Dickens: 
Martin Chuzzlewit.....6 

3— Most libraries use “B” for Biography instead of a number, following the “B” by the initial 

letter of the surname of the one written about; this, in turn, is followed by the initial of the 
surname of the one who wrote the biography. Indicate, under a, b, c, d, below what the 
following signify for a book numbered B-L63-N: 

a. The “B” stands for what? 

b. The biography is about a man whose name begins with what letter? 

c. Are the second letters of his name near the beginning of the alphabet, e. g., Lake; 

or near the end, e. g., Lyons; or about the middle, e. g., Lincoln? 

d. The book is written by a man whose name begins with what letter?... .3 each=12 


4—Under the library code of capitalization do ordinary words in titles begin with a capital letter 
or with a lower case letter?... =6 


5—The following represents a Library of Congress printed card, reduced. To make a title card 
out of the form, what should be written above Goodnow? .=6 


Goodnow, Frank Johnson, 1859- 

... City government in the United States, by Frank J, 
Goodnow .. New York, The Century co., 1906, 

X. 315 p. 20™ (The American state series) 

First pub. in 1904. 


1. Municipal government—U. S. i. Title, 


Library of Congress 


O 


8-8344 


JS331.G72 


6— What should be written above Goodnow to make this a subject card?.. 

7— Under which words should cards be filed for? 

a: author; b: title; c: subject;...3 each=9 


8— Who has compiled two large indexes to serve as guides to the best fiction?...... 6 

9— Who has compiled an index which guides to recitations and poems in scattered books?=6 

10— Is a word by word or a letter by letter alphabetical plan followed if New Mexico appears 

before Newberry? .... • ....... • • 

11— A title beginning with Mr. is usually found under what spelling?.....=3 

12— Can one find the call number for TarbelVs Life of Lincoln more readily under Lincoln or 

under Tarbell? Why?....... 

13— What Association publishes a Booklist, giving a list of the best recent books?.=6 

14— In which part of an encyclopaedic article is a list of good books on a subject usuahy 

given?. 















Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required^Feature of the Regular English Course 

Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicatejts value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, students are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate for passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work in the library pamphlet for that course has been completed, 
the fact will be established in the student^s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference books to be as neces¬ 
sary as is training in other educational lines. 


Reference Guides 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 


By 

Florence M. Hopkins 

Librariaii 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 



This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Year-books 


THIRD EDITION 




D 


PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 


REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 











Copyright 1923 
hy 

FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 


V-' 



The pamphlet on Webster s New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionary. 

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword, on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 17J4 cents each 
plus carriage, from 

THE WILLARD COMPANY, 

601 West Fort Street, 

DETROIT, MICH. 



NOTE: Arrangements have been made between The Q. A: C. Merriam Co. and the Willard Co. by means 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New International dictionary can be sold much more cheaply than can the lessons on 
miscellaneous reference books. It is hoped that this plan will make it possible for schools to adopt at once the Actionary 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the 6rst term of high school English work, and the other pamphlets later. 


> r 




F or e word 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference Guides That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them, which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for- 
high and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 

List of Pamphlets in the Series 

Graded to’correspond with High School English Courses 

English 1 — Webster’s New International Dictionary, 

English 2—Parts of a hook: Concordances, 

English 8 — Encyclopaedias, 

English 4 —Library classification and card catalogue, 

English 5 — Year-books. 

English 6—Indexes to periodical literature. 

English 7—Commercial guides. 

English 8—Government publications: city, state, and federal. 

It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools, club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes of failure in the freshman college year: four statements were 
formulated, one of which reads as follows: ‘'Students should be trained to use 
ordinary means of securing information, such as: the table of contents, the index, 
the dictionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readers’ Guide to Periodical 
Literature, the neivspaper, the informational magazine.” It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


1 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 
badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools, each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 
graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 
it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
cla^s work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 

According to the library code for capitalization all words in a title begin with 
a lower case letter instead of with a capital, except the first word, proper nouns, 
and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Certain specimen pages will show 
that some publishers follow this code. 


The follozving paragraphs are taken from the 
Forezvord of the First Edition 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
“Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,” from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.” 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

. . . Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 

and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 

. . . . Every new student should be required to take 

some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 



Year-books 


It is always more difficult to find information on recent events than it is to 
find it for years past. Newspaper articles are unsatisfactory, scattered, and not 
well adapted for permanent reference work. The best provision made for infor¬ 
mation on recent topics comes in the form of year-books and magazines. The 
wide range of subjects included in year-books is seldom fully realized. 

Read the list below to gain an enlarged thought of the extent of the publi¬ 
cation of year-books. A detailed study of certain ones will be given on the 
following pages. 

Encyclopaedic year-books: keeping encyclopaedias up to date: 

New International Year-Book. 

The World Book: This encyclopaedia for young people publishes an inex¬ 
pensive paper bound brief annual. 


The Britannica has recently issued 3-volumes, covering the important decade 
—1911-1921. The Nelson Loose Leaf Encyclopaedia issues loose leaves every 
six months, punched so that they can be bound in the regular volumes. 

Year-books for miscellaneous information and statistics: 

World Almanac. HazelVs Annual. 

Statesman’s Year-hook. Annual Register. 

Whitaker’s Almanac. Statistical Abstract; others. 

Year-books regarding individual countries; written in English: 

China; Japan; Mexico; others. 

Year-books for religious denominations: 

Catholic; Jewish; Lutheran; Methodist; Unitarian; others. 

Commercial and professional year-books: 

Most industries and professions have year-books pertaining to their special 
needs. 

Biographical year-books, giving brief sketches of prominent living persons: 

Who’s Who: Persons prominent anywhere in the world. 

Who’s Who in America. 

Special: Certain fields of work have their special Who’s Who, as Who’s 
Who in Finance, or in Science, or in Music, or on the Stage. 

Cities, states, clubs and other organizations often issue lists of 
persons prominent in their localities. 

Corresponding publications are issued by some foreign nations. 


3 



A Study of 

Who’s Who in America 


The sketch of a person’s life in any of the “Who’s Who” books is short, and 
is greatly condensed by using many abbreviations, such as: “b” for “born;” 
“m” for “married;” “ed” for “educated;” “s” for “son;” “d” for “daughter;” 
“e.d.” for “eldest daughter.” Whenever a book uses special abbreviations, an 
alphabetical list of them, followed by their meanings, appears in the front of the 
book. 


The specimen entries on the opposite page, will serve as an illustration of 
the plan upon which most of the “Who’s Who” books are arranged. The entries 
are taken from Who's Who in America. This book includes, as nearly as possible, 
sketches of all living Americans whose position, activities or achievements 
make them of general interest. Here can be found sketches of living: 


1. Members of Congress; heads of federal departments. 

2. Leading lawyers, physicians, architects. 

3. Governors of states and island possessions. 

4. Heads of large universities. 

5. Authors, musicians. 

6. People active in many other lines of work. 


Consult the specimen page and read the sketch of the life of William Warner 
Bishop, interpreting as many of the abbreviations as possible. In which profession 
has he become prominent? What is his address, given at the end of the article? 
An important feature of all “Who’s Who” books is to give the person’s address 
as the last item under a sketch. 


“Who’s Who” books include onh" living people. If a person whose name is 
in one of these books dies, the next issue of the work usually gives the date of 
his death, and refers to the last volume containing a sketch of his life. For an 
example, see Samuel Henry Bishop. 

When there is nothing new to be added to the sketch of a living person, 
reference is often made to a volume of earlier date. See Roswell P. Bishop. 

“Who’s Who in America,” also gives, at thea “Geographical Division” 
which classifies all names in the book under state and cit^^ This enables one to 
find who are especially prominent in certain localities. Prior to 1922-3, this 
section appeared at the back of the volume. 

Consult the specimen page, second column, under Michigan, and tell in what 
lines of work the following persons in Ann Arbor have become prominent: 


Samuel Beakes; 
Junius Beal; 
John Effinger; 


W. A. Dewej^; 
Nelville S. Hoff; 
Albert Lockwood. 


Does the name of William W. Bishop appear in the Geographical section? 
Re-read the last section on page 3, under Biographical year-books. 


4 


A Speciman Entry 
from Biographical Section of 
Who’s Who in America 


A Speciman Entry 
from Geographical Section of 
Who‘s Who in America 


lllSHOl*, Roswell P., ex-congressman: see Vol. 
VIII (1914-15). 

BISHOP, Samuel Henry, clergyman; May 1, 
1864-May 27, 1914; see Vol. VIII (1914-15). 

BISHOP, Seth Scott, surgeon; h. Fond du 
Lac, Wis., Feb. 7, 1852; s. Lyman and Maria 
(Probart) B.; grad. Pooler Inst., Fond du Lac, 
Wis.; studied at Beloit (Wis.) Coll.; New York 
Univ.; M.D., Northwestern Univ., 1876 (D.C.L., 
LL.I).); learned printers’ trade; m. Jessie A. 
Button, of Chicago, Mar. 23, 1885. Formerly 
prof, diseases of the nose, throat and ear, Loy¬ 
ola U. Med. Sch.; surgeon to Jefferson Park 
Hosp.; formerly surgeon to Ill. Charitable Eye 
and Ear Infirmary, etc.; consulting surgeon to 
Mary Thompson Hosp., Ill. Masonic Orphans’ 
Home (LaGrange, Ill.) and Silver Cross Hosp. 
(Joliet, Ill.). Mem. Internat. Med. Congress, 
Pan-Am. Med. Congress, A.M.A., Ill., Wis. and 
Minn. State med. socs. Mason, Odd Fellow. 
Mem. Beta Theta Pi. Author: Diseases of the 
Nose, Throat and Ear; The Ear and Its Dis¬ 
eases; also numerous monographs, etc. Con- 
tbg. editor. New York Med. Times. Home: 
1726 Ridge Av., Evanston, Ill. 


BISHOP, William Henry, author; 6. Hart¬ 
ford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1847; s. Elias and Cath¬ 
erine (Kelly) B.; A.B., Yale, 1867; studied 
architecture; m. Mary Dearborn Jackson, of 
New York, July 28, 1886. Editor and propr. 
Milwaukee Commercial Times till 1877; instr. 
modern languages, Yale, 1893-1902; United 
States consul at Genoa, Italy, 1903-4, at Paler¬ 
mo, Italy, January 1, 1905-July 1, 1910, re¬ 
signed. Republican. Agnostic. Mem. Soc. Co¬ 
lonial Wars. Author: Detmold, 1879; The 
House of a Merchant Prince, 1882; Choy Susan 
and Other Stories, 1884; Old Mexico and Her 
Lost Provinces, 1884; Fish and Men in the 
Maine Islands, 1885; The Golden Justice, 1887; 
A House Hunter in Europe, 1893; The Brown 
Stone Boy and Other Queer People (re-issued 
as Queer People), 1902; Sergeant Von (anony¬ 
mously), 1889; The YellQw Snake (re-issued as 
Tons of Treasure), 1902; A Pound of Cure, 1894; 
Writing to Rosina, 1894; The Faience Violin 
(transl. from French of Champfleury), 1893; 
Anti-Babel, 1919. Cluhs: Authors, Ends of the 
Eai-th (New York); Graduates (New Haven). 
Mem. Nat. Inst. Arts and Letters. Home: 
Brooklyn, Conn. 

BISHOP, William Samuel, theologian; see 
Vol. VII (1912-13). 

BISHOP, William Warner, librarian; h. at 
Hannibal, Mo., July 20, 1871; s. VVilliam Me- 
lanchthon and Harriette Anna (Warner) B.; 
A.B., U. of Mich., 1892 (Phi Beta Kappa), A.M., 
1893; fellow Am. Sch. Classical Studies in Rome, 
1898-9; m. Finie Murfree Burton, of Louisville, 
Ky., June 28, 1905. Prof. Greek, Mo. Wesleyan 
Coll., Cameron, Mo., 1893-4; instr. in N.T. and 
asst. librarian, Garrett Bibl. Inst., Evanston, 
Ill., 1895-8; librarian and instr. in Latin, Poly. 
Inst, of Brooklyn, N.Y"., 1899-02; head cata¬ 
loguer, Princeton U. Library, 1902-4; reference 
librarian, same, 1904-7; supt. Reading Room, 
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1907-15; 
librarian, U, of Mich., since 1915. Mem. A.L.A. 
(pres. 1918-19), Am. Hist. Assn., Bibliog. Soc. 
America, etc. Conglist. Club: Cosmos (Wash¬ 
ington, D.C.). Author: Practical Handbook of 
Modern Library Cataloguing, 1914. Contlir. nu¬ 
merous articles to library pubis. Home: 715 
Church St,, Ann Arbor, Mich. 


BISLAND, Elizabetli, author, see Wetmore, 
Elizabeth Bisland. 


BISPHAM, David .Scull, opera singei’; .Tan. 
5, lS.57-Gct. 2, 1921; sec Vol. XI (1920-21). 


mClHGAN 

ADRIAN— 

Feeman, Harlan L., educator, 1083 
.McKlroy, G. VV., naval otticer. 2108 
Michener, Earl C., congressman, 217.') 
Ferry, Stuart H., edtior, pub., 2457 

ALBION— 

Dickie, Samuel, coll, pres., 921 
Gardner, VV,, congressman, 121.') 
Laird, John W., coll, pres., 1,840 
Martin, Dempster D., clergyman, 2041 
Kaudall, David L., prof, chemistry, 
2553 

ALMA— 

Orook.s, Harry M., coll, pres., 819 
Ewing, John T., prof, classics, 1000 
King, Louisa Y., 1789 
Wood, Corydou L., bishop, 3370 

.ALPENA— 

Scott, Frank D,, congressman, 2748 

ANN ARBOR— 

Hailey, Benjamin F., elec, engr., 259 
Barrett, Albert M., psychiatrist, 301 
Bates, Henry M., lawyer, 320 
Beakes, Samuel VV., congressman, 330 
i.eai, dumus E., publisher, 331 
Benian, VV. Wk, univ. prof., 352 
Bigelow, S. Lawrence, chemist, 382 
Bishop, VV'illiam VV., librarian, 392 
Blanchard, A. H., coll, prof., 405 
Boak, Arthur E, R., historian, 418 
Bonner, Campbell, coll, prof., 429 
Burton, Marion LeR., univ. pres., 572 
Cabot, Hugh, surgeon, 588 
Campbell, Edward DeM., chemist, 603 
Campbell, O. J., Jr., prof. English. 607 
Canfield, Arthur G., coll, prof., 610 
Canfield. Roy B., physician, 610 
Case, Ermine C., paleontologist, 640 
Christensen, John C., expert accoun¬ 
tant, 677 

Chute, Horatio N., physicist, 683 
Cooley, Charles H., univ. prof., 765 
Cooley, Mortimer E., engineer, 7(56 
Cowie, David M., physician, 790 
Cross, Arthur L., univ. prof., 821 
Curtiss, Ralph H., astronomer, 841 
Davis, Bradley M., botanist. 868 
Davis, Calvin O., prof, edn., 868 
Dewey, VV’. A., physician, 917 
Donnell, Annie H., author, 944 
Drake, Joseph H., Sr., prof, law, 961 
Edmunds, C. VV'., med. educator, 1009 
Efflnger, John R., prof. French, 1014 
Florer, VV’. VV’., univ. prof., 1131 
Ford, VV’alter B., mathematician. 1145 
Friday, David, economist, 1180 
Glover, James VV'., coll. prof.. 1270 
Gomberg, Moses, chemist, 1280 
Gram, Lewis M., engr., 1301 
Hadley, Philip B., l)acteriologist. 1360 
Hall, Arthur G., coll, prof., 1371 
Hanford. James IL, prof. English. 
1394 

Hinsdale, VV’ill)ert B., physician. 1521 
Hobbs, VVilliam H., geologist. 1530 
Hoff, Nelville S., dentist, 1536 
Holbrook, Evans, prof, law, 1540 
Huber, G. Carl, physician. 1601 
Hussey, VV’illiam J., astronomer, 1632 
Hutchins, Harry B., univ. pres.. 1635 
Johnston, Clarence T., civil engr., 1701 
Karpinski, Louis C., univ. prof., 1731 
Kauffman, Calvin II., botanist, 1732 
Kelsey, Francis VV'., univ. prof., 1753 
King, Horace VV'., engineer. 1788 
Kraus, Edward H., educator, 1824 
Lee, Samuel T., consul, 1884 
Ijcverett, Frank, geologist, 1898 
Levi. Moritz, univ. prof., 1899 
Lloyd, Alfred H., univ. prof., 1934 
Lockwood, Albert, iiianist, 1939 
Lombard. VV’arren I’., coll. j)rof.. 1945 
Lorch, Emil, prof, arcliifi'cture. 1952 
Lyons, C. J., prof, surgery, 1982 
j\Iarkle.v, Josepli L., college prof., 2039 
Meader, Clarence L.. coll. prof.. 2141 
Myers, Dean VV’., physician, 2285 
Myers, George E., eilucator, 2285 
JN’ewcoml)e, F. C., l)otanist, 2304 
Xovy, Frederick G.. bacteriologist, 
2336 


5 


A Study of the 
Statesman’s Year-book 

When consulting a year-book, the date on the title page, which is also on 
the back of the book, should always be carefully considered. Year-books are 
usually issued in January, and often bear in the title the year of issue rather 
than that of the preceding year,— the one for which the events are recorded. 
As custom differs with publishers, one should notice which plan is followed when 
using a year-book. 

On the opposite page is an index taken from a Statesman's Year-hook. It 
is inserted to illustrate the character of information given in this work. 

In the first column find the new Republic of Georgia, created since the war„ 
and read each topic listed under it. 

Notice that the topics are in alphabetical order. Corresponding informa¬ 
tion for every country in the world is revised yearly for the current issue of the 
Statesman's Year-hook. 

In the second column find Georgia, U. S. A. Read each topic under it also.. 
Every state in the United States is treated in a similar way. 

Name the pages on which information for the following topics may be 
found for the Republic of Georgia: 

Education; Railways; 

Books of reference; Constitution; 

Wheat; Area and population. 

Are the corresponding topics given for the state of Georgia? 

Find under which Georgia the following topics are mentioned, and try ta 
realize why some of the topics are common to both. 

Indians; Defence; 

President; Religion; 

Rice; Imports and exports. 

To which page should one turn for Geneva, N. Y.? 

To which pages should one turn for Geneva, Switzerland? 

To which page should one turn for the university of Georgetown, U. S. k.t 

Information in the Statesman's Year-hook is arranged mainly in topics for 
reading, not in tabular form. That the World Almanac generally arranges its. 
material in tables, will be shown later by specimen pages. 


6 


A Specimen Entry 
from an Index to a 
Statesman’s Year-book 


INDEX 


1429 


OAZ 

Gaza (Palestine), 1352, 1853 ; port, 
1356 

Gaza (Portuguese E. Africa), 1204 

— railway, 1205 

Gazara (Mesopotamia), 1351 
Geelong (Victoria), 381 
Geisliiigen (Wiirttemberg), 963 
Gelsenkirchen (Prussia), 920 
Gembloux (Belgium), 692 
Geneva (N.Y.)j 584 
Geneva (Switzerland), 1318, 1320 

— town, 1321 ; university, 1322 
Genoa (Italy), ft., 1015 ; pt, 1024 

— prov., 1004 ; torpedo station, 1017 

— town, 1007 ; university, 1010 
George V., King and Emperor, 3, 27, 

115, 210, 350 

— title, 3, 115 

George Town (Penang), 165 
Georgetown (Ascension Island), 178 

— British Guiana, 330 

— Cayman Islands, 342 
Georgetown university (U.S.A.), 522 
Georgia, Republic of, 914 sqq, 1224, 

1244, 1246 

— agriculture, 915, 916 

— area and population, 914, 915 

— army, 915 

— births, marriages, deaths, 915 

— books of reference, 916 

— commerce, 916 

— communications, 916 

— Constituent Assembly, 914 

— constitution A government, 914, 

1244 

— currency, 916 

— defence, 915 

— diplomatic representatives, 916 

— education, 915 

— fruit, 916 

— imports and exports, 916 

— land distribution, 915, 916 

— languages, 915 

— live stock, 916 

— minerals, 916 

— port, 916, 1245 

— President, 914 

— production and industry, 915, 916 

— provinces and districts, 914, 915 

— railways, 916 

— religion, 915 

— Senate, 914 

— towns, 915 


GER 

Georgia, Republic of, tribes, 915 

— university, 915 

— wheat, 915 

— wine^ 916 

Georgia (U.S.A.), 457, 526 sqq 

— agriculture, 477, 478, 528 

— area & population, 457, 475, 526 

— books of reference, 528 

— cities, 527 

— coal, 528 

— communications,- 528 

— constitution and government, 526 

— cotton, 478, 528 

— crime, 527 

— debt, 527 

— education, 527 

— farms, 528 

— finance, 527 

— fisheries, 528 

— forests, 528 

— Germans in, 527 

— gold, 528 

— imports and exports, 528 

— Indians in, 527 

— live stock, 528 

— manufactures, 528 

— minerals, 528 

— pauperism, 527 

— poi'ts, 492, 528 

— production and industry, 477, 478, 

528 

— public lands, 475 

— railways, 528 

— religion, 527 

— representation, 453, 526 

— rice, 477, 528 

— sayings banks, 528 

— shipping, 492, 528 

— sugar, 528 

— timber, 480, 528 

— tobacco, 478 

— universities, 527 

— wheat, 528 

— wool, 528 

Gera (Reuss), 921, 961 
Geraldton (W. Aust.), 403 
German Austria, see Austria 
German Republic, 917 sqq. 

— accident insurance, 924, 925 

— agriculture, 929, 930 

— alcohol, 932 

— area and population, 918 929 

— armistice, 926, 928 


7 





A Study of the 
World Almanac 

The specimen pages which follow are taken from a World Almanac. This 
almanac is a year-book so practical for ready reference and so reasonable in price 
that it should be in homes as well as in libraries. For this reason more attention 
is given to it here than to any other one year book. It is printed on cheap paper, 
in exceedingly fine type, and contains many advertisements, which account for its 
low price. There are very few books of any kind which have as large a sale as 
does the World Almanac. 

The index to the World Almanac appears immediately after the colored 
advertising pages at the front of the book. The index to a business book is 
usually at the front, that of other books at the back. 

On the opposite page a specimen entry from an index to a World Almanac 
is given. To gain an idea of the range of subjects treated, consult it under the 
following entries, giving the page referred to for each. 

1. Soldiers’ homes. 

2. List of Speakers of House of Representatives. 

3. Sporting events. 

4. Officers of; Sons of American Revolution. National Society of; 

Social Hygiene Association. 

Silk Association of America. 

5. Weather signals. 

6. Read all entries under Spain. Corresponding information is given for 
every country in the world. Compare entries under Soudan and South Africa. 

7. Read all entries under the word State, (singular) 

8. Read all entries under the word States, (plural) 

9. Give page for each of the following.- 

a: State capitals. d: Governors of states, 

b: Mottoes of states. e: Origin of names of states, 

c: Population by sta’tes. f: State flowers. 

10. Name the page which gives the distance and light of stars. 

11. Read all entries under steamship, (singular) 

12. Read all entries under South Carolina and also under South Dakota. 
Corresponding information is given for each state. 

13. Name the page which gives the world’s steel production. 

14. Name the page which gives the submarine cables of the world. 


8 


A Specimen Entry 
from an Index of a 
World Almanac 


Index. 


53 


Siberia, Evacuation of. 89 

Sidereal Day and Year. 49 

Sierra Leone, British Colony.586 

Signals, Weather. 67 

Signers, Declaration Independence.659 

Signs and Symbols, Astronomical. 54 

Sikkim.583 

Silk Association of America.396 

“ Crop, World’s. 755 

“ Exports, Imports.290 

“ Industry, China.596 

Silver, Bullion Value of.300 

“ Certificates.246 

“ Circulation.299 

“ Coined.299 

“ Exports, Imports.299 

“ Price of, at London.163 

“ Production.297-299 

“ “ Canada.577 

“ “ Japan.620 

“ Stock of, in U. S.300 

“ Used in Industrial Arts.299 

Simple Interest.731-733 

Simplified Spelling Board.396 

Singers.672 

Single Tax.212 

Sinkiang (Chinese Turkestan).597 

Six Day Bike Race.821 

Skating.774 

Skeleton, Weight of.742 

Slate Production.297 

Slater Fund, John F.. ..396 

Slaughtering Manufactures.170, 314 

Slocum, Gen., Steamship, Disaster.707 

Smallpox Deaths in U. S.357 

Smithsonian Institution.363 

Smyrna Fire. 87 

Snake Bite, First Aid for.762 

Snow Fall at N. Y. City.525-526 

Snuff Production in U. S.292 

Sobriquets of Cities in U. S.670 

Soccer.800 

Social Hygiene Association, Inc., American.396 

“ Sciences, Nat. Institute of.396 

Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis.396 

“ for Promoting the Gospel Among Seamen 

to the Port of New York.396 

Soda Poisoning, Antidote for.761 

Sokotra.584 

Solar Day, Mean. 49 

“ System. 57’ 

Soldier Bonus, Illinois.847 

“ “ Iowa.849 

“ “ Kentucky.850 

•• “ N. Y. Law.486 

*• “ Bill Veto.164 

" Bonuses Paid by U. S.164 

Soldiers’ Homes.411 

“ and Sailors’ Monument, Brooklyn.530 

Solomon Islands, British Mandate.588 

Solstice, Summer, Winter. 33 

Somaliland, British Protectorate.586 

“ French.610 

“ Italian.618 

Sons of America, Patriotic Order of.396 

" of the Amer. Revol., Empire State Society.396 

“ ‘‘ ‘‘ “ Nat. Society of the. .396 

“ “ “ “ N. J. Society.396 

“ of Confederate Veterans.396 

“ of the Revolution.396 

“ of Temp, of No. Amer., Nat. Div.396 

“ of Veterans, U. S. A.396 

Soudan—Descriptive—Area, Population, Capital, 
Government, Defense, Budget, Debt, Imports, 
Exports, Railroads, Shipping, Agriculture, In¬ 
dustries, Etc.643 

Sound, Velocity of.737 


South Africa, Union of—Descriptive—Area, Pop¬ 
ulation, Chief Cities, Government, U. S. 
Consuls, Budget, Debt, Imports, Ex¬ 
ports, Railroads, Shipping, Agriculture, 
Industries, Etc.584 


” Carolina—Descriptive—Area. Population, 
Agriculture, Industries, Transportation, 

Etc. 441 

“ Dakota—Descriptive—Area, Population, 
Agriculture, Industries, Transportation, 

Etc.441 

“ Georgia.582 

Southwest Africa, British Mandate.585 

Soviets in Russia..638 

Spain-—^Descriptive—Area, Population, Chief 
Cities, Government, Diplomatic and Consular 
Service with U. S., Defense, Budget, Debt, Im¬ 
ports, PNports, Railroads, Shipping, Agricul¬ 
ture, Industries, Etc. 644 

Span of Life.330, 703 

Spaniards in N. Y. State.456 

“ mu. S.336 

Spanish Authors.656 

“ Colonies in Africa.645 


e.AGK 

Spanish Envoys to U. S.669 

” War Veterans, United, Dept, of N. Y.39o 

“ -American War, U. S. Troops in. 710 

Sparring. 784 

Speakers, House of Representatives.663 

Specific Gravity. 736 

Speed of a Falling Body. 737 

Spirits (Distilled) Produced, by States.294 

“ Exports, Imports.293 

Spiritualist Association, Nat.396 

Spite Fence Law. 488 

Spitzbergen — Descriptive — Area, Population, 

Mines, Etc. 630 

Spleen, Weight of. 742 

Sponsors of U. S. Navy, Society of.396 

Sporting Events, Begin on.'.763 

Square Measure. 730 

“ Root Table.741-742 

Stage Stars.672-673 

Stains, How to Remove.762 

Stamp Tax, U. S.2.50 

Standard Silver Dollars...246 

“ Time. 50 

“ “ for Cities in U. S. 51 

Standards, Bureau of. Law.488 

Star, Pole. 61 

Stars, Distance and Light of. 60 

“ Evening. 4 f, 

“ Fixed.’. 61 

“ Heat of. 60 

“ Morning and Evening.34-35, 46 

State Capitals, U. S.447 

“ Dept. Roster.226 

“ “ Sec. of.663 

“ Flowers.424 

“ Printing, N. Y. Law on.488 

States, Area, Length, Breadth. 419.447 

“ As.sessed Value of Realty.447 

“ Budgets and Debts.447 

“ Classed as to Population.324 

“ Coast Lines, Miles.462 

Density of Population.323 

“ Financial and Political Statislics of.447 

“ Governors, Legislatures, Terms.447 

" Migration Between.337 

Mottoes of.424 

“ Nicknames of.422 

“ Origin of Names of.423 

“ Past Vote of.841-878 

“ Population, 1790-1920.321 

“ Railroad Mileage.260 

“ Rank in Population, 1790-1920.322 

" Density of Population. 323 

" Settled, Entered Union.447 

“ Vacant Public Lands.451 

“ World War Casualties. 691 

Statuary Hall, National.225 

Statue of Liberty..541, 707 

Statues and Monuments in N. Y. City.530 

Statutes of Limitation. 185 

Steam, Temperature of.736 

“ Vessels in U.S.262 

Steamship, First to Cross the Atlantic.706 

“ Inspection Service, U.S.411 

“ Owners’ Association, American.396 

“ Records, Ocean.723 

Steamships, Big.714 

Steel Exports, Imports.301 

“ Manufactures.307 

“ Production in U. S.302 

“ World’s.759 

Stellar Parallax. 61 

Steve Brodie Jumped From Brooklyn Bri(!g(>. . . .707 

Stings, Aid for.762 

Stock and Bond Sales, N. Y. City.561 

“ Corp. Law, N. Y. State.486 

“ Market Prices.109 

“ “ Review.105 

“ Transfer Law.488 

Stockholders’ Liability in Bankruptcy.186 

Stocks. N. Y. Law on.487 

Story of Railroad Dollar.696 

Straits Settlement—Area, Population. C'apita!, 

Government, U. S. Consuls, Trade, Etc.584 

Strangers in N. V. City, Daily.521 

Street Accidents in N. Y. City.524 

“ Numbers in N. Y. City.541 

" Railway Finance, N. Y. City..503 

“ “ Traffic, N. Y. City..501 

“ Railways, N. Y. City, Valuation of..504 

Strike, Coal. 77 

" I n,1 unction.116 

Strikes, Review of.114-117 

Strychnine Poisoning, Antidote for.761 

Submarine Cables of the World.726 

Suburban Handicap.804 

“ Population of N. Y. City.51.8 

Suburbs of N. Y. City, Population.518-519 

“ of U. S. Cities.3.39 

Subways, N. Y. City.501-504 

•• “ •• First Built.707 


9 

























































































































































































A Study of the World Almanac: Continued 

Read the general headings and also the heading of each column of the 
specimen entry from a World Almanac^ on the opposite page. 

Notice that every country in the world is listed on one page in alphabetical 
order. This is a good illustration of how much information the World Almanac 
gives in a very small space, by condensing it, tabulating it, and -printing it in 
very fine print. 

Notice the heading Birth Stones, at the bottom of the page, which is given 
here, because a little space could be utilized for a very brief entry. Under Birth 
Stones in the index, a reference would be made to this page. 

Answer the following questions: 

1. What is the birth stone for July? 

2. Who was president of China when this page was printed; when was he 
born, and when did he become president? 

3. Who was king of Greece? 

4. What are the titles of the rulers of the countries given below? 

a. Persia; c. Abyssinia; e. Australia. 

b. Palestine; d. Luxemburg; f. Mexico. 

5. How frequently does Switzerland choose a president? 

Glance down the page, at the titles of the rulers, and tell which one seems 
most common. 


Below is given a table of the Mohammedan population of the world. Glance 
at the end of the table, and give the approximate total. What country has the 
largest number of Mohammedans? This table is indexed under both the word 
Population and Mohammedan. 


MOHAMMEDAN POPULATION BY COUNTRIES. 


Southeastern Europe. 4,000,000 

Asiatic Turkey (before the war). 15,000,0(X) 

Asiatic Russia (before the war). 14,000,0(X) 

Persia. 9,000,000 

Afghanistan.. 5,000,000 

India . 70,000,000 

China. 12.000,000 

Indo-China and Siam. 2,000.000 

Malay Archipelago and Pacific Islands... 35.000,000 

Egypt. 12,000,000 

Soudan. 4,000,000 

Abyssinia. 5,000,000 


Tripoli. 2,000,000 

T^nis. 2,000.000 

Algeria. 5.000,000 

Morocco. 5,000,000 

Liberia. 1,000,000 

British, French, Belgian, Italian and 
former German colonies in West, East 
and Central Africa. 25,000,000 


Approximate total Mohammedan pop¬ 
ulation of the world.227,000,000 


10 























A Specimen Entry 
from a 

World Almanac 

650 Rulers of the World. 


RULERS OF THE WORLD. 


The date of birth, when known. Is in parentheses. 


CouNrtiY. 


Name of Ruler, Etc. 


Access’n. 


Abyssinia. 

Afgijanistan. 

Albania. 

Argentina. 

Australia. 

Austria. 

Belgium. 

Bhutan (Br. Protectorate). . 

Bolivia. 

Brazil. 

Bulgaria. 

Cambodia. 

Canada. 

Chile. 

China. 

Colombia. 

Costa Rica. 

Cuba. 

Czechoslovakia. 

Danzig. 

Denmark. 

Dominican Republic. 

Ecuador. 

Egypt. 

Esthonia. 

Finland. 

Flume. 

France. 

Germany. 

Greece. 

Guatemala. 

Haiti. 

Hejaz, The. 

Honduras. 

Hungary. 

Iceland. 

India (British). 

Irish Free State. 

Italy. 

Japan. 

Jugo-Slavia. 

Latvia. 

Liberia. 

Liechtenstein. 

Lithuania. 

Luxemburg. 

Mesopotamia (The Iraq). . . 

Mexico. 

Monaco. 

Morocco. 

Nepal. 

Netherlands. 

Newfoundland. 

New Zealand. 

Nicaragua. 

Norway. 

Oman. 

Palestine. 

Panama. 

Paraguay. 

Persia. 

Peru... 

Poland. 

Portugal. 

Prussia. 

Rome. See and Church of... 

Roumania. 

Russia. 

Salvador. 


Waizeru Zauditu (1876), Empress, daughter of Menelek. 

Amanullah Khan (1892), Amir, son of Habibullah. 

Provisional government, under the Allies. 

Marcelo T. de Alvear, President, term, six years. 

Lord Forster, Governor General . 

Dr Michael Hainisch, President, National Assembly....!.... 

Albert (1875), King, nephew of Leopold II. 

Sir Ugyen Wangchuck, Maharajah . 

Dr. Bautista Saavedra, Provisional President: term, four years 

Arturo Bernades, President; term, four years. 

Boris III. (1894), Czar, son of Ferdinand. 

Slsowath, King (French protectorate). 

Gen. Lord Byng, Governor General; Mackenzie King, Premier. 

Arturo Alessandri, President; term, five years. 

Hsu Shi Chang (1853), President . 

Gen. Pedro Nel Dspina, President: term, four years. 

Julio Acosta Garcia, President; term, four years. 

Dr. Alfredo Zayas, President; term, four years. 

Thomas G. Masaryk (1850), President . 

Gen. Sir Richard Haking, High Commissioner . 

Christian X. (1870), King, son of Frederlk VIII. 

Juan Bautista y Burgos, Provisional President . 

Dr. Jose Tamayo, President; term, four years. 

Fuad I. (1868), King (formerly Sultan). 

Konstantin Pats. State Head . 

Dr. K. J. Stahiberg U865), President; term, six years. 

Prof. Riccardo Zanelia, President . 

Alexandre Millerand (1859), President; term, seven years. 

Friedrich Ebert (1870), President; term expires June 30, 1925. 

George II., King . 

Gen. Jose M. Orellana, President; term, six years. 

Louis Borno, President (under American quasi protectorate). 

Husein Ibn All, King . 

Gen. R. L. Gutierrez, President; term, four years. 

Admiral Nicholas von Horthy, Regent . 

Christian X. (1870). 

The Earl of Reading, Viceroy . 

William T. Cosgrave, President of Dail Elreann. 

Victor Emmanuel III. (1869), King, son of Humbert I. 

Yoshihito (1879), Emperor; Crown Prlnc( Hirohlto, Regent _ 

(See Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Kingdom of). 

Jan Chakste, President . 

Charles D. B. King, President; term, four years. 

John II. (1840), Prince . 

A. Stulginskis. President . 

Charlotte (1896), Grand Duchess . 

Felsal I., King . 

Gen. Alvaro Obregon, President; term, four years. 

Louis (1870), Pritice, son of Albert. 

Mulai Yusef, Sultan, son of Mulai Hassan.. 

Trlbhubana Bir Blkram (1906), Shah . 

Wllhelmina (1880L Queen, daughter of William III. 

Sir C. A. Harris, Governor; M. P. Cashin, Prime Minister . 

Viscount Jellicoe, Governor General; W. F. Maasey, Premier. .. 

Gen. Emillano Chamorra, President; term, four years. 

Haakon VII. (1872), King, son of Frederik VIII. of Denmark. 

Seyvid Talmur, Sultan, son of Seyvid Feysil. 

Sir Herbert L. Samuel, British High Commissioner . 

Dr. Belisario Porras, President; term, four years. 

Dr. Eusebio Ayala, President; term, four years. 

Ahmed Mirza U898), Shah, son of Mohammed All. 

Augusto B. Leguia, President; term, four years. 

Joseph Pilsudski President . 

Dr. Antonio J. d’Almeida (1865), President; term, four years.. 

Herr Otto Braun, Premier . 

Plus XI. (1857). 

Ferdinand I. (1865), King, nephew of late King Carol. 

Governed by Soviet Commissaries headed by Lenin. 

Jorge Melendez, President; term, four years. 


1916 

1919 


1922 

1920 

1921 
1909 
1907 

1921 

1922 
1918 
1904 

1921 
1920 

1918 

1922 

1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 
1912 

1922 
1920 
1922 

1920 

1919 

1921 

1920 

1919 

1922 
1922 
1922 
1916 

1920 

1920 
1912 

1921 

1922 
1900 
1912 

■'1922 ' 

1920 
1858 
1922 
1919 

1921 
. 1920 

1922 
1912 
1911 
1890 


1P21 

1921 

1905 

1913 

1920 

1920 

1921 
1909 
1919 


1919 

1922 

1922 

1914 

1918 

1919 


Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 

Kingdom of. 

Siam. 

South Africa, Union of. 

Spain. 

Sweden. 

Switzerland. 

Syria (French Mandate).... 

Tunis. 

Turkey. 

Ukrainia. 

United Kingdom. 

Uni tod States. 

Uruguay. 

Venezueia. 

Zanzibar. . 


Alexander, King, son of King Peter. 

Chao Fa Maha Vajiravudh (1881), King, son of Chulalongkorn I... 
Prince Arthur of Connaught, Governor General: J. C. Smuts, Premier. 

Alfonso XIII. (1886), King, son of Alfonso XII. 

Gustaf V. (1858), King, son of Oscar II. 

The republic chooses a President each year. 

Gen. Henri Gouraud, High Commissioner . 

Sldi Mohammed ed Habib, Bev . 

Mustapha Kemal Pasha, President of Grand National Assembly. 

Abdul Medjld Bey (1868), Caliph . 

Governed by Soviet Commissaries... •••••■ • 

George V. (1865), King and Emperor of India, son of Edward VII. . 

Warren G. Harding, President; term, four years. 

Dr. Baltasar Brum, President- term, four years. 

Gen. Juan Vicente Gomez, President term, four years. 

Seyvid Khalifabin Harub (1879), Sultan . 


1921 
1910 
1920 
1886 
1907 

1922 
1P20 
1922 

1922 


1910 

1921 
1919 

1922 

1911 


BIRTH STONES. 


Januarv—Garnet. February—Amethyst. March 
—Bloodstone and aquamarine. April—Diamond. 

—Emerald. June—Pearl and moonstone, 

jjily—Ruby. August—Sardonyx and peridot. 


September—Sapphire. October—Opal and tour¬ 
maline. November—Topaz. December—Tur¬ 

quoise and lapis-lazuli. 


11 




















































































































































































A Study of the World Almanac: Continued 

Read the general headings, also the heading of each column of the specimen 
entry from a World Almanac on the opposite page, which lists American cities 
ranging in alphabetical order from J to S. 

Answer the following questions: 

1. When was Macon, Georgia, incorporated? 

2. What is the debt of New York City? 

3. How many square miles are covered by Philadelphia? 

4. What is the assessed valuation of Portland, Oregon? 

5. What is the tax levy of Los Angeles, California? 

6. What is the budget of Madison, Wisconsin? 

7. Which city was incorporated at the earliest date? 

8. Which city, aside from New York, has the largest budget.^ 

9. Is the tax levy of Newark, New Jersey, as high as its budget? 


Below is given a table comparing wholesale prices from the year 1913 through 
1922. Consult it and notice that the first column, headed Commodities, is clas¬ 
sified, and that there is no alphabetical arrangement. 

Under Foodstuffs, compare the price of a quart of milk, wholesale, in New 
York, 1913, with the price in 1922. 

Under Hides, leather, textiles, compare the price of wool for the same years. 
Under metals, compare the price of steel rails for the same years. 


120 Cd-mpuralive Wholesale Prices. 


COMPARATIVE WHOLESALE PRICES OF COMMODITIES. 


The following data from “Bradstreet’6 Journal” show ruling prices on November 1 for cccnmodities: 


Commodities. 

1922. 

1921. 

1920. 

1917. 

1915. 

1913. 

FOODSTUFFS, ET(’. 

Wheat, No. 2, red Winter, in elevator, per bu. 

$1.3725 

$1,335 

$2 .38 

$2.27 

$1.25 

SO. 98 

Corn, No. 2, ml.\ed. In elevator, per bush. . . . 

.845 

.61 

1.33 

2.15 

.76 

.80 

Oats, in elevator, per bush. 

.55 

.47 

.66 

.65 

.415 

.445 

Barley, No. 2 (Milwauki'e), ptT bush. 

.65 

.69 

1.07 

1.44 

.64 

.79 

Rye, Western, per bush. 

.98 

1.05 

1.99 

1.98 

1.08 

.70 

Flour, straight Winter, per barrel. 

5 75 

6.(M) 

10. .50 

10.75 

5.20 

4.15 

Beeves, iKist, native steers (Chic.), per 100 lbs 

12.50 

9.75 

17.25 

17.65 

10.30 

9.70 

Sheep, prime (Chic.), per 100 lbs. 

7.00 

4.25 

7.50 

12.50 

6.50 

5 15 

Hogs, prime (Chic.), per 100 lbs. 

8.05 

7.20 

15.10 

19.50 

7.50 

8.00 

Milk (New York), per quart. 

.125 

.1225 

.131 

.10 

.06 

.0505 

Eggs, State, fresh (New York), per dozen. . . . 

.54 

.50 

.72 

.46 

.35 

.38 

Beef, family, per barrel. 

15.00 

15.00 

25 00 

32 00 

18.00 

17.00 

19. (X) 

23.25 

Pork, new hie^, i)er barrel. 

29.00 

25.00 

31 .(X) 

48.50 

Bacon, short ribs, smoked (Chic.), per lb. 

. 1375 

.10 

.20 

.30 

.11875 

. 1250 

Hams, smoked, per lb. 

.22 

.25 

.37 

.29 

.17 

. 16 

Lard. Western steam, per lb. 

.11 

. 1025 

.1975 

.25 

.0915 

.1070 

Butter, creamery. State, best, i)er lb. 

.50 

.45 

.615 

. 4625 

.2875 

.32 

Cheese, choice East factory, per lb. 

. 265 

.22 

.285 

. 2625 

.1575 

.155 

Mackerel, No. 1, bavs (Boston), iier barrel.. . 

32 AH) 

25.00 

25. (K) 

27. (X) 

21 .(X) 

22.00 

Codfish, large dried, per quintal. 

11.00 

14. (X) 

14. (M) 

10.50 

8.00 

8.00 

Coffee, Hlo, No. 7, per lb. 

‘.1075 

.0825 

.0775 

.08625 

.07 

.1075 

Sugar, granulated, per lb. 

.07 

.055 

.13 

.084 

.0515 

.0435 

Tea, Formosa Oolong, superior, per lb. 

.25 

» .19 

.20 

.28 

.185 

.17 

Molass<^s. New Orleans, prime, per gallon. . . . 

.57 

.30 

.95 

.53 

.40 

.35 

Salt, line domestic, sacks, 224 pounds. 

1.59 

1.87 

2.27 

1.42 

1.10 

1.08 

Ric<;, domestic, good, per lb. 

.0725 

.0675 

.13 

.095 

.05875 

.(X55 

Beans ^Ncw York),choice marrow, per 100 lbs. 

7.00 

6.(X) 

10. .50 

14.25 

8.25 

5.35 

Peas, choice (New York), per 100 lbs. 

6.50 

5.50 

10. <X) 

10.00 

4.95 

3.00 

Potatoes, Eastern, per 180 lbs. 

2.75 

4.25 

3.50 

4.00 

2.50 

2.10 

Apples (State), per barrel. 

5.<M) 

5.(X) 

4.25 

2.50 

2.50 

2.50 

Lemons, choice, |K'r box, 300s. 

8.00 

0.(M) 

2 AH) 

10.50 

4.00 

5.50 

Raisins, layer, per lb. 

.13 

.165 

.245 

.095 

.085 

.0725 

HIDES. LEATHER, TEXTILES. 







Native steer hides. No. 1. per lb. 

.225 

.145 

.27 

.335 

.26 

.1975 

Hemlock, packer, middleweight. No. 1, per lb.. 

.35 

.34 

..52 

.50 

.34 

.31 

Cotton, middling uplands. iH^r lb. 

.247 

.211 

.25 

.2525 

.1195 

.1410 

Wool, Ohio A Pa. X, washed (Boston), per lb. 

.57 

.345 

.65 

.75 

.30 

.23 

Silk, best No. 1. filature, per lb. 

8.40 

6.05 

6.45 

6.10 

3.75 

3.875 

Print cloths, 64s (Boston), per yard. 

.08 

.065 

. 10 

.075 

.03625 

.04 

Standard sheetings (Boston), per yard. 

.15 

.13 

.20 

.15 

.0750 

.0825 

METALS, COAL, OILS. 






Iron ore, old range, Bess’r, hematite, iier ton. . 
Pig, No. 1, foundry. Eastern (N. Y.). per ton.. 

5.95 

6.45 

7.45 

5.95 

3.75 

4.40 

34.27 

24. .52 

.55.52 

33.00 

16.75 

16.13 

Steel billets, Bessemer (Pittsburgh), per ton. . 

40.00 

29. (X) 

55. (X) 

60.00 

25.00 

22 (X) 

Steel rails. Standard (Pittsburgh), per ton... . 

43.00 

45. (X) 

.55 <M) 

38.00 

28. (X) 

28 00 

Tin plate. American (Pittsburgh), per 100 lbs.. 

4.75 

5 25 

9.(H) 

12 <X) 

3 10 

3 40 


12 























































A Specimen Entry 
from a 

World Almanac 


Statistics of American Cities. 


839 


STATISTICS OF THE C'HIEF CITIES IN THE UMTED STATES—Coniznwed. 


Name. 

In- 

corp. 

Popula¬ 

tion. 

Square 

Miles. 

Debt. 

Realty Ass’d 
Valuation. 

Jackson, Mich. 

1857 

48,374 

9.0 

Dollars. 

1,907,104 

Dollars. 

60,219,485 

Jacksonvilie, Fla . 

18.32 

91,558 

15.35 

6,731,651 

.59,686,820 

Jersey City, N. J. 

1870 

298,103 

19.2 

27,071,626 

412,715,131 

Johnstown, Pa. 

1889 

67,327 

5.76 

2,262,141 

71,639,710 

Joliet, Ill. 

1872 

38,442 

4.5 

123,930 

8,939,780 

Joplin, Mo. 

1873 

29,902 

14.16 

340,012 

35,000,000 

Kansas City, Kan. 

1886 

101,177 

20.25 

8,611,656 

118,930,426 

Kansas City, Mo. 

1853 

324,410 

60.0 

7,480,129 

240,474,730 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

1792 

77,818 

26.5 

8,608,885 

100,000,000 

La Crosse, Wis. 

1856 

30,421 

11.25 

1,028,350 

41,766,067 

Lakewood, Ohio. 

1911 

41,732 

6.0 

4,308 708 

79,053,820 

Lancaster, Pa. 

1818 

53,150 

4.0 

750,000 

1,000,000 

Lansing, Mich . 

1859 

57,327 

11.25 

4,992,300 

122,030,016 

Lawrence, Mass. 

1853 

94,270 

7.25 

3,609,344 

107,614,755 

Lima, Ohio. 

1842 

41,326 

7.71 

3,489,845 

31,212,150 

Lincoln, Neb. 

1871 

54,948 

12.41 

794,900 

62,501,100 

Little Falls, N. Y. 

1895 

13,029 

4.0 

635,000 

7,590,507 

Little Rock, Ark. 

1837 

65,142 

17.0 

1,125,000 

38,255,195 

Lockport, N. Y. 

1865 

21,308 

7.0 

1,126,630 

14,203,237 

Los Angeles, Cal. 

1850 

576,673 

36.62 

34,073,537 

784,418.770 

Louisville, Ky. 

1828 

234.891 

40.0 

12,971,900 

264,000,000 

Lowell, Mass. 

1836 

112,759 

14.1 

5,833,291 

128,610,023 

Lynn, Mass. 

1850 

99,148 

11.33 

4,341,257 

87,434,880 

Lynchburg, Va. 

1786 

30,070 

52,995 


2,835,893 

1,600.000 

Macon, Ga.. 

1823 

10.0 

30,000,000 

Madison, Wis. 

1856 

38,378 

6.42 

2,804,136 

85,128.085 

Malden, Mass. 

1882 

49,103 

4.8 

812,900 

♦46,126,279 

Manchester, N. H. 

1846 

78,384 

33.9 

3,675,568 

64,578,167 

Mansfield, Ohio. 

1828 

27,824 

4.73 

775.340 

44,517,870 

Meriden, Conn. 

1867 

29,867 

16.0 

805,000 

43,536,624 

Miami, Fla. 

1896 

29,571 

15.0 

4,500,000 

61,000,000 

Middletown, N. Y. 

1888 

18,420 

3.63 

664,703 

21,898,683 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

1846 

4.57,147 

25.87 

23,965,500 

681,198,160 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

1867 

380,582 

53.29 

38,000,000 

208,178,035 

Mobile, Ala. 

1814 

60.777 

17.93 

3,525,000 

46,009,624 

TVIoline Ill. 

1872 

30,734 

28,810 

■ 7.84 

171,500 

4,546,308 

12,000,000 

5,725,851 

Montclair, N. J. 

1894 

6.16 

Mount Vernon, N. Y.. . 

1892 

42,726 

4.5 

76,860,765 

Muskegon, Mich. 

1873 

36,570 

6.65 

1,870,000 

40,223,950 

Nashua, N. H. 

1853 

28,379 

32.02 

1,048,943 

38,000,000 

Nashville, Tenn. 

1848 

118,342 

18.0 

10,881,000 

86,900.9/0 

Newark, N. J. 

1836 

414,524 

24.0 

34,586,578 

542.419,578 

Newark, Ohio. 

1860 

26,718 

4.0 

1,206,935 

40,000,000 

New Bedtord, Mass. .. . 

1847 

121,217 

19.39 

11,220,281 

112,839,725 

New Britain, Conn. 

1871 

59,316 

12.0 

3,970,598 

91,000,000 

New Brunswick, N. J... 

1863 

32,779 

4.5 

1,251,833 

24,909.270 

Newburgh, N. Y. 

1865 

30,366 

4.0 

987,371 

26,578,976 

New Castle, Pa. 

1869 

44,938 

8.2 

525,587 

29,157,550 

New Haven, Conn. 

1784 

162,537 

17.9 

7,210,650 

242,000,000 

New London, Conn.... 

1784 

25,688 

6.0 

2,259,542 

33,686,841 

New Orleans, La. 

1805 

387,219 

264.56 

38,594,954 

295,873,805 

Newport, R. I. 

1784 

30,255 

7.3 

1.680,444 

47,598,250 

New Rochelle, N. Y.. . . 

1899 

.36,213 

10.2 

2,945,335 

81.350,123 

New York, N. Y. 

1653 

5,620,048 

318.0 

1,067,082,137 

10,249,991,835 

Norfolk, Va. 

1845 

115,777 

9.32 

16,179,832 

122,8.50,600 

North Adams, Mass.. . . 

1895 

22.282 

21.0 

836,645 

15.332,376 

Oakland, Cal. 

18.52 

216,361 

60.24 

6,655,490 

180,000,000 

Ogden, Utah. 

1851 

32,804 

16.0 

1,900,000 

15,000,000 

Olean, N. Y. 

1893 

20,506 

5.5 

961,892 

14,386,551 

Omaha, Neb. 

1857 

191,601 

37.8 

24,000,000 

326,162,292 

Orange, N. J. 

1872 

33,268 

2.2 

1,965.546 

30,827,170 

Pasadena, Cal. 

1886 

4.5,354 

15.88 

2,128,975 

86,820,850 

Passaic, N. J. 

1873 

63,841 

3.0 

3,818,217 

71,255,<X)9 

Paterson, N. J. 

1851 

135,875 

5.38 

7,000,000 

120,224,775 

Pawtucket, R. I. 

1886 

64,248 

8.94 

5,686,188 

60,916,700 


1832 

31,0.35 

76,121 

9.75 


17,018,841 

29,388,811 

Peoria. Ill. 

1843 

9.3 

345,250 

Petersburg, Va. 

1784 

31.012 

4.0 

1,884,000 

28.tMK),000 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

1854 

1,823,7 79 

129.71 

160,795,950 

2,053,768,000 

Phoenix, Ariz. 

1881 

29,053 

5.16 

3,643,000 

46,289.885 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 

1816 

588,343 

45.65 

40,.523,947 

868,117,930 

Port Huron, Mich. 

1857 

25,944 

7.9 

1,307,230 

29,124,750 

Portland, Me. 

1832 

69,272 

21.57 

3,781,771 

95,000,000 

Portland. Ore. 

1850 

258,288 

66.3 

30,782,426 

241,850,435 

Providence, R. I. 

1832 

237,595 

18.28 

13,486,723 

299,789,210 

Pueblo, Colo. 

1870 

43,050 

14.43 

855,337 

33,132,112 


1889 

1849 

1792 

47,876 
.58, .59.3 
24,418 

16.7 

2,066,700 



6.13 

80,.387,279 

Raleigh. N. C. 

7.0 

1,2.50,000 

38.000,0(X) 

Reading, Pa. 

1847 

107,784 

9.5 

2,192,631 

98,844,778 

Richmond, Ind. 

1840 

26,765 

2.0 

4.54,500 

36,000,000 

Richmond, Va. 

1782 

171,667 

26.0 

13.384,867 

173.351,000 

Rochester, N.Y. 

1834 

295,7.50 

32.0 

26,609,460 

359,180.248 

Rock Island, Ill. 

1841 

3.5,177 

10.5 

173,884 

12,746,133 

Rockford, Ill. 

1880 

65,651 

10.82 

920,600 

43.877,755 

Rome, N.*Y. 

1870 

26,341 

74.0 

941,394 

21,055,442 

Sacramento, Cal. 

1849 

65,908 

13.92 

6,034,290 

76,974,188 

Saginaw, Mich. 

1857 

61,90.3 

16.0 

2,6.50,000 

6.5,850,000 

St. Joseph, Mo. 

1851 

, 77,939 

13.75 

95,708 

45,653,000 

St. Ijouis, Mo. 

182.3 

772,897 

61.50 

12,123..388 

977,000,000 

.St. Paul, Minn. 

18.54 

234,698 

54.44 

12,962,722 

152.098,087 

Salem, Mass. 

1836 

42..529 

8.0 

2,407,000 

37,285,2.55 

.Salt Lake City. Utah.. . 

1860 

118,110 

51.9 

6,258.500 

187,847,149 

.San Antonio. Tex. 

18.37 

161,379 

36.0 

6..500,000 

170,000,000 

San Diego. C.a!. 

18.50 

74.683 

78.0 

10..531.147 

1 (Mi. 136.644 


Tax Levy. 


Budget. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


749,581 
1,411,063 
16,060,102 
32 mills 
326,000 
1.20 per 1,000 
1,412,811 
3,760,000 
1,500,000 


1,091,841 

2,271,770 

17,318,565 

694,617 

600,000 

260,800 

1,412,811 

5,365,000 

1,500,000 


500,000 
350,000 
1,0.37,460 
3.108,483 
355,756 
7 mills 
228,095 
5 mills 
690,162 
7,844.188 
2.00 per 1,000 
4.222,172 
3,576,018 
1.95 per 1,000 
650,000 
2,553,842 
33.7 per 1,000 
2,811,577 
988,297 
23 per 1,000 
1,100,000 
404,050 
25,550,997 
17,000,000 
350,000 
350,000 
1,990,871 
2,169,264 
611,000 
960,000 
1,993,598 
19,654,326 
275,000 
5,334,190 
1,962,536 
1,372,398 
512,000 
307,700 
6,000.0(X) 
926,393 


400,000 

600,000 

1,037,450 

3.441,006 

355,756 

579,300 

228,095 

724,559 

909,545 

11,236.900 

5,000,000 

3,678,275 

4,600.000 

1,000,000 

760,000 

3,350,000 

1,408,000 

1,772,184 

1,219,247 

1,089,698 

735,000 


24.006,925 

15,000,0t>0 

350,(‘00 

500,000 

1,986,553 

2,169,464 

611,000 

1 , 000,000 

2,410,000 

22,104,716 

315,000 

5,919,000 

1,955,665 

853,131 

555,469 

339,150 

6,000.000 

1,202,380 


31.20 per 1,000 
1,241,006 
2.334,748 
286,077,228 
4,797,314 
806,275 
2.25 per 1,000 
350,000 
372,855 
21.75 per 1,000 
1,148,761 
1.07 per 1,000 
1,737,678 
33.34 per 1,000 
2,034,858 


802,008 
600,(XX) 
2.70 per l.O(K) 
689,664 
12,648,412 

496.752 
3,236,216 

3.750.. 559 
9,484,091 

457,.570 
2,178,994 
2.037,233 
400,000 
1,136,447 
310,500 
4,459,780 
10,599,083 

315.752 
1,795,721 

372,460 

1.. 351.148 
1,0,54,650 

1.20 per 1,000 
$25 per $1,000 
7,035,450 
33.10 per 1,000 
2,141,4.57 
2,961,000 
2.10 per 1,000 


1,422.578 
3,045,844 
350,601,570 
4,780,692 
700,000 
4,711,890 
550,000 
372,855 
7,094,000 
1,146,355 
2,500,000 
2,042,262 
2,221,529 
2,178,371 
482,289 
996,000 
850,000 
56,000,000 
965,414 
18,558,099 
495,000 
3.480,716 
3,743,139 
10,561.1,51 
471,570 
1,747,679 
1,500.000 
516,000 
1,220,765 
307,946 
7,225,917 
14,051,083 
756,461 
3,000,000 
372.460 
1,663,559 
1,400,000 
844,0(K) 
21,213,379 
9,000,000 
2,021,343 
2,887,363 
2,300,000 
2,327,256 


* Includes personal. 

























































































































A Study of the World Almanac: Continued 

Read the general headings, and also the heading of each column of the 
specimen entry from a World Almanac, on the opposite page. 

The specimen entry covers the names of colleges beginning with A and B, 
and a number beginning with C. 

Answer the following questions: 

1. Which college on the page has the largest number of students? 

2. Which college has the fewest students? 

3. Where is Brown university located? 

4. How large is the teaching force of Boston university? 

5. Where is Colorado university located? 

6. Who was president of Bryn Mawr when this sheet was prepared? 

7. In what year was Chicago university founded? 

8. Which three colleges have eleven teachers each? 

9. Which college was the first to be organized? 

10. Which college was the last to be organized? 


Page 16 is a sample entry from a World Almanac, showing how associations 
and societies in the United States are given, together with their officers and 
addresses. 


Each society is also entered in the index under its own name. 

Turn to page 16 under Automobile Association, American, and give: 
1: a. Date of founding. 

b. Address. 

c. Number of members. 

d. Acting Executive Chairman. 

e. Secretary. 

2: a. Read the entries for: 

Authors’ League of America. 

Arts, American Federation of. 

b. Glance over the page, noting other associations. 


14 



A Specimen Entry 
from a 

World Almanac 


United States — Colleges. 


377 


AMERICAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 

This list is based on the 1921-1922 Education Directory of the United States Bureau of Education, 
Dept, of the Interior. 

Where the name of the institution is in italics, the figures are from the 1922 Almanac. In other cases 
the data are from questionnaires returned by the institution in the year 1922. 


Name. 


Location. 


Year 

Organ 


Abilene Christian . 

Adelphi College. 

Adrian. 

Akron Municipal Univ. 

Alabama, Univ. of. 

Alaoama, Woman’s Col. of. 

Albany. 

Albion. 

Albright College. 

Ailred Univ. 

Allegheny College. 

Alma. 

American Univ. 

Amherst. 

Anderson Col. for Women... 

Antioch College. 

Arizona, Univ. of. 

Arkansas. 

Arkansas, Univ. of. 

Armour In.st. of Tech. 

Asbury College. 

Ashland College. 

Atlanta Univ. 

Atlantic Christian Col. 

Augsburg Sem. 

Aurora. 

Austin. 

Baker Univ. 

Baldwi n-W alia ce. 

Barnard College. 

Bates. 

Baylor College (Fern.). 

Baylor Univ. 

Beaver College. 

Beloit College. 

Benedict College. 

Berea. 

Bethany College. 

Bethany College. 

Bethel. 

Birmingham-Southern. 

Blue Mountain. 

Blue Ridge. 

Bluflton College. 

Boston. 

Boston Univ. 

Bowdoin. 

Bradley Poly. Inst. 

Brenau. 

Bridgewater College. 

Brown Univ. 

Bryn Mawr. 

Bucknell Univ. 

Buena Vista. 

Buffalo Univ. 

Butler. 

California Inst, of Tech... . 

California, Univ. of. 

Campion. 

Canisius. 

Capital Univ. 

Carleton. 

Carnegie Inst. Tech. 

Carroll College. 

Carson and Newman. 

Carthage. 

Case School Ap. Science — 
Catholic Univ. of America.. 

Catholic Univ. of Okla. 

Cedar Crest College. 

Cedarvllle College. 

Centenary. 

Central. 

Central Baptist.. .. 

Central Wesleyan. 

Centre.;. 

Central Holiness Univ. 

Charleston, College of. 

Chicago, Univ. of. 

Chicora College. 

Cincinnati Univ. 

Citadel, The. 

City of N. Y., College of.. . 

Clark. 

Clark Univ. 

Clarkson College of Tech.. . 

Coe College. 

Coker. 

Colby. 

Colgate Univ. 

Colorado. 

Colorado School of Mines. . 
Colorado, Univ. of. 


Abilene, Tex. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Adrian, Mich. 

Akron, Ohio. 

Tuscaloosa, Ala. 

Montgomery, Ala. 

Albany, Ore. 

Albion, Mich. 

Myerstown, Pa. 

Alfred, N. Y. 

Meadville, Pa. 

Alma, Mich. 

Washington, D. C. 

Amherst. Mass. 

Anderson, S. C. 

Yellow Springs, Ohio.... 

Tucson, Ariz. 

Batesvllle, Ark. 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

Chicago, Ill. 

Wilmore, Ky. 

Ashland, Ohio. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Wilson, N. C. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Aurora, 111. 

Sherman, Tex. 

Baldwin City, Kan. 

Berea, Ohio. 

New York, N. Y. 

Lewiston, Me. 

Belton, Tev. 

Waco and Dallas, Tex... 

Beaver, Pa. 

Beloit, Wis. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Berea, Ky. 

Lindsborg, Kan. 

Bethany, W. Va. 

Newton, Kan. 

Birmingham, Ala. 

Blue Mountain, Miss. . . 

New Windsor, Md. 

Bluffton, Ohio. 

Chestnut Hill. Mass. . . . 

Boston, Mass. 

Brunswick, Me. 

Peoria, Ill. 

Gainesville, Ga. 

Bridgewater, Va. 

Providence, R. I. 

Bryn Mawr, Pa. 

I,ewlsburg, Pa. 

Storm Lake, Iowa. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

Pasadena, Cal. 

Berkeley, Cal. 

Prairie du Chien, Wis.. . 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Columbus, Ohio. 

Northfleld, Minn. 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Waukesha, Wis. 

.Jefferson City, Tenn. .. . 

Carthage, Ill. 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

Washington, D. C. 

Shawnee, Okla. 

Allentown, Pa. 

Cedarvllle, Ohio. 

Shreveport, La. 

Fayette, Mo. 

Conway, Ark. 

Warrentown, Mo. 

Danville, Ky. 

University Park, Iowa... 

Charleston, S. C. 

Chicago, Ill. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Charleston, S. C. 

New York, N. Y. 

Worcester, Mass. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Potsdam, N. Y. 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa.... 

Hartsville, S. C. 

Waterville, Me. 

Hamilton, N. Y. 

Colorado Springs, Col... 

Golden, Col. 

Boulder. Col. 


1906 

1896 
1858 

1870 
1831 

1909 
1866 
1861 

1895 
1836 
1815 
1886 
1891 
1821 

1910 
18.53 
1885 

1872 

1871 
1893 
1889 
18 '; 8 

1867 
1902 

1869 
1893 
1849 
1858 
1846 

1889 
1864 
1845 

1845 

1853 

1846 

1870 
18.58 
1881 
1840 
1887 

1873 

1899 

1900 

1863 

1869 
1794 

1897 
1878 
1880 
1764 
1885 
1846 

1891 
1846 

1848 
J891 

1868 

1871 

1870 
18.50 
1866 
1900 

1846 

1849 
1870 
1881 
1887 
1915 
1868 
1887 
1839 

1854 

1892 

1864 
1819 
1906 
1785 

1890 
1890 
1870 
1842 

1847 
1889 
1870 

1896 
1881 
1908 
1813 
1819 

1874 

1872 
1876 


Governing Official. 


F. D. Blodgett, LL. D.. . 

H. I,. Feeman. 

P. R. Kolbe. 

G. H. Denny, LL. D. . .. 

M. W. Swartz. 

A. M. Williams. 

J. W. Laird. 

L. C. Hunt, A M.. D.D.. 

B. C. Davis, LL. D. 

F. W. Hixson, LL. D_ 

H. M. Crooks, LL. D.. .. 

J. W. Hamilton. 

.A. Meiklejohn. 


A. E. Morgan. 

F. C. Lockwood. 

W. S. Lacy. 

J. C. Futrail. 

H. M. Raymond. 

Dr H. C. Morrison. 

E. E. Jacobs, Ph. D. 

E. T. Ware. 

H. S. miley. 

G. Sverdrup. 

O. R. Jenks. 

T. S. Clyce, D.D.. LL. D... 

O. G. Marlham. 

A. B. Storms. 

N. M. Butler. 

C. D. Gray. 

J. C. Hardy. 

S. P. Brooks, A.M., I.L. D... 

J. M. Thoburn, Jr. 

M.A.Brannon, Ph.D.,LL.D. 

Rev. C. B. Antisdel. 

Board of Trustees. 

E. F. Piheflas. 

C. Goodnight. 

,f. H. Langenwalter. 

G. E. Snavely, Ph. D. 

W. T. Lowrey, LL. D. 


S. K. Mosiman, Ph. D.. .. 

Rev. W. Devlin, S. J. 

L. H. Murlin, D.D., LL.D.. 
K. C. M. Sills. 

T. C Burgess. 

H. J. Pearce. 

P. A. Bowman. 

W.H.P.Faunce, D.D.,LL.D. 

Miss M. E. Parks. 

E. W. Hunt. LL. D. 

A. M. Boyd. 


Dr. R. J. Aley. 

Dr. R. A. Millikan. 

D. P. Barrows. 

A. H. Rohde. 

Rev. M. J. Ahern. 

Dr. Otto Mees. 

D. J. Cowling. 

A. A. Hamerschlag, LL.D.. 

W. A. Ganfield. 

Dr. O. E. .Sams. 

H. D. Hoover. 

C. S. Howe. 

Rt. Rev. T. J. Shahan. 

Rev. D. Blaise. 

W. F. Curtis. 

W. R. McChesney, Ph. D... 

Geo. S. Sexton. 

P. H. Linn. 

D. S. Campbell. 

O. E. Kriege. 


Dr. J. L. Brasher. 

H. Randolph, M. A., LL. D. 

H. P. Judson. 

S. C. Byrd, D. D. 

F. C. Hicks. 

Col. O. J. Bond. 

S. E. Mezes. 

W. W. Atwood. 

H. A. King. 

J. P. Brooks. 

H. M. Gage. 

E. W. Sikes. 

;A. J. Roberts, LL. D. 

'G. P. Cutten, LL. D. 

Clyde Duniway, LL. D. ... 

V. C. Ald'TSon, A. B. 

George Nortin. Ph. D. 


No. of 
Stud’ ts. 

No. of 
Teach’s 

498 

34 

460 

26 

165 

16 

785 

75 

1,633 

95 

382 

29 

213 

15 

590 

35 

192 

17 

360 1 

45 

565 

35 

276 

21 

150 1 

16 

528 I 

.50 

325 : 

27 

208 

47 

1,190 

100 

150 

14 

1,054 

110 

730 

70 

580 

42 

191 

15 

549 

39 

160 

17 

130 

19 

85 

11 

283 

14 

469 

31 

991 

47 

750 

104 

556 

40 

1,200 

60 

1,694 

186 

273 

22 

540 

51 

813 

36 

2,550 

141 

919 

35 

290 

24 

234 

19 

496 

34 

300 

27 

201 

21 

320 

23 

796 

38 

8,104 

362 

450 

35 

1,459 

46 

450 

40 

230 

22 

1,648 

90 

457 

69 

998 

49 

148 

14 

1.468 

238 

875 

37 

480 

70 

14,367 

1,024 

136 

20 

320 

29 

500 

25 

842 

65 

3,771 

285 

323 

18 

376 

31 

294 

26 

700 

68 

1,835 

90 

115 

11 

170 

20 

122 

17 

255 

20 

314 

14 

170 

21 

372 

26 

287 

12 

230 

27 

123 

11 

11,385 

355 

335 

39 

4,245 

384 

298 

22 

13,744 

464 

2.50 

30 

490 

20 

221 

19 

904 

54 

225 

23 

486 

28 

678 

48 

700 

65 

•478 

30 

2.715 

200 


15 












































































































































































































































































A Specimen Entry 
from a 

World Almanac 

390 United States—Associations and Societies. 


ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 


The year of establishment is in parentheses. The other figures are those of membership. For or¬ 
ganizations not in this list, see Index. Some in this list appear elsewhere with more detail. 


Academy of Design of N. Y., Nat. (1828), 175 W. 
109th St., N. Y.: 279; Pres., E. H. Blashfield; 
Sec., C. C. Curran. 

Academy of Medicine, N. Y. City (1847), 17 W. 
43d St.; 1,650; Pres., Dr. G. D. Stewart; Sec., 
Dr. R. S. Haynes. 

Academy of Sciences, N. Y. (1817), care Amer. 
Museum Nat. History, 77th St. and Central Park 
West; 450; Sec., R. W. Tower. 

Acorn, Colonial Order of, N. Y, Chapter (1894), 
100 Broadway, N. Y.; 125; Chancellor, C. S. Van 
Rensselaer. 

Actors’ Equity Association (1913), 115 W. 47th 
St., N. Y.; 12,000; Pres., J. Emerson; Exec. Sec., 

F. Gillmore. 

Actors’ Fidelity League (1919), HE. 45th St., 
N. Y.; 500; Pres., H. Miller; Sec., H. Kyle. 
Actors’ Fund of America (1882), 701 Seventh 
Ave., N. Y.; 3,000; Pres., D. Frohman; Sec., W. 

C. Austin. 

Actuarial Society of America (1889), 256 Broad¬ 
way, N. Y.; 325; Pres., R. Henderson; Sec., J. S. 
Thompson. 

Advancement of Colored People, Nat, Associa¬ 
tion for the (1909), 70 Fifth Ave., N. Y.; 110,- 
000; Sec., J. W. Johnson. 

African Blood Brotherhood (1919), 2299 Seventh 
Ave., N. Y.; 50,000; I^es., C. V. Briggs; Sec. T. 
Burrell. 

Albany (N. Y.) Institute and Historical and 
Art Society (1791), 125 Washington Ave., Albany, 

N. Y.; 800; PTes., J. M. Clarke; Sec., H. H. Kohn. 
Alden Kindred of N. Y. City and Vicinity (1921), 

340 Dean St., Brooklyn; 60; Pres., John Alden; 
Sec., Miss C. A. Bissell. 

Alliance Francaise de N. Y. (1907), 32 Nassau 
St., N. Y.; 750; Pres., C. A. Downer; Sec., M. L. 
Bergeron. 

Amateur Athletic Union of U. S. (1888), 290 
Broadway, N. Y.; 2,000,000; Pres., W. C. Prout; 
Sec., F. W. Rubien. 

Amen Corner (1900), N. Y.; 30; Pres., L. Seibold; 
Sec., T. O. McGill. 

American Association for the Advancement of 
Science (1874), Smithsonian Institute Bldg., 
Washington, D. C.: 12,000; Sec., Dr. B. E. Liv¬ 
ingston. 

American Colleges, Association of (1915), 111 
Fifth Ave., N. Y.; 275; Pres., C. A. Richmond, 
Union U., Schenectady, N. Y.: Exec. Sec., R. L. 
Kelly. 

Amer. Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions (1810), Boston, Mass.; 800; Sec., J. L. 
Barton, D. D.; Cor. Sec., C. H. Patten, D. D. 
American College of Surgeons (1913), 40 E. Erie 
St., Chicago, Ill.; 6,000; Director General, Dr. 
F. H. Martin. 

American Committee for Devastated France 
(1918), 16 E. 39th St., N. Y.; 8,000; Exec. Ch., 
Miss Anne Morgan; Sec., Miss E. Scarl)orough. 
American Cross of Honor (1906), Washington, 

D. C.; Pres., T. H. Herndon; Sec., A. M. Taylor. 
American Dramatists and Composers, Society 

of (1890), 148 W. 45th St., N. Y.; 250; Pres., E. C. 
Carpenter; Sec., P. Wilde. 

American Federation of Labor (1881), Wash¬ 
ington, D. C.; 4,000,000; Pres., S. Gompers; Sec., 
F. Morrison. 

American Humane Education Society (1889), 
180 Longwood Ave., Boston, Mass.; 700; Pres., 
Dr. F. H. Rowley; Sec., Guy Richardson. 
American Institute of the City of N. Y. (1828), 
322 W. 23d St.; 500; Pres., E. F. Murdock; Sec., 

O. W. Ehrhorn. 

.\merican Irish Historical Society (1897), 132 
K. 16t.h St., N. Y.; 1,.50(); Pres., Gen. J. 1. C. 
Clarke; Sec., Gen. S. P. Cahill. 

American Legion (1919). 1,042; Commander, 

A. W. Owsley, Texas; Ad.it., L. Bolles, Indian¬ 
apolis. 

American Legion, Woman’s Auxiliary (1919), 
450; Pres., Dr. K. W. Barrett, Va.; Sec., MLss P. 
Curnick, Indianapolis. 

American Posture League (1913), Metropolitan 
Tower, 1 Madison Ave., N. Y.; 1,000; Pres.. G. J. 
Fisher, M. D.; Sec., H. L. Taylor, M. D. 
American Scandinavian Foundation (1911) 25 
W. 45th St., N. Y.; 6,000; Pres.. H. Holt; Sec., 
J. Creese. 

.\merican Social Science Association (1899), 
280 Madison Ave., N. Y.; Pres., G. G. Battle; 
Sec., Talcott Williams, LL. D. 

American University Union in Europe, Colum¬ 
bia Univ.,' N. Y.; Ch. Bd. of Trustees, H. P. 
Judson; Sec., J. W. CunlilTe. 


American Wars, Society of (1897), 314 7th St., 
N. E., Washington, D. C.; 350; Commander 
General, Rear Admiral C. J. Badger, U. S. N.; 
Recorder General, Lieut. M. C. Summers. 
American Wars of the U. S., Society of, Com- 
mandery of State of N. Y. (1910), 144 E. 74th 
St.; 300; Commander, Brig. Gen. O. B. Bridgman; 
Sec., Lieut. C. A. Manning. 

American Woman’s Press Assoc. (1903), Washing¬ 
ton, D. C.; 300; Pres., Mrs. M. M. North, Herndon, 
Va.; Sec., Miss E. J. Bailey, Wapakoneta, Ohio. 
Americans, United Order of (1893), Milwaukee, 
Wis.; 10,000; Nat. Pres., R. C. Sherrard; Sec., 

G. W. Blann. 

Antiquarian Society, American (1812), Worces¬ 
ter, Mass.; 175; Pres., W. Lincoln; Sec., T. H. 
Gage. 

Anti-Saloon League of America (1895), Wester¬ 
ville, Ohio; Pres., Bishop T. Nicholson, D. D., 
Chicago; Gen. Supt., Rev. P. A. Baker, D. D.; 
Sec., Rev. S. E. Nicholson, LL. D., Richmond, 
Ind. 

Anti-Saloon League of N. Y. (1899), 906 Broad¬ 
way; Supt., W. H. Anderson; Sec., G. C. Moor, 
D D. 

Architectural League of N. Y. (1888), 215 W. 
57th St., N. Y.; 825; Pres., H. Greenley; Sec., 
R. F. Whitehead. 

Architects, American Institute of (1857), 
Octagon House, Wasnington, D. C.; 2.540; Pres., 
W. B. Favllle; Sec., W. S. Parker. 

Architects, N. Y. Society of (1906), 29 W. 39th 
St., N. Y.; 400; Pres., J. R. Gordon; Sec., O. W. 
Johmson. 

Art Alliance of America (1914), 65 E. .56th St., 
N. Y.; 1,(K)0; Pres., Hon. H. White; Sec., Mrs. 

H. E. Brewer. 

Art Center, Inc. (1920), 65 E. 56th St., N. Y.; 
3,000; Pres., Helen S. Hitchcock; Sec., R. Green- 
leaf. 

Art Society of N. Y., Municipal (1898), 119 E. 
19th St.; 800; Pres., J. H. Hunt; Sec., Mrs. H. B. 
Keen. 

Artists, Society of Independent (1916), 1947 
Broadway, N. Y.; 600; Pres., J. Sloan; Sec., A. S. 
Baylinson. 

Arts, American Federation of (1909). 1741 New 
York Ave,, Washington, D. C.; 6,000; Pres., R. 
W. de Forest: Sec., Miss L. Mechlin. 

Arts and Letters, American Academy of (1916), 
15 W. 81st St., N. Y.; 50; Pres., W. M. Sloane; 
Sec., R. W. Johnson. 

Associated Advertising Clubs of the World 
(1916), 110 W. 40th St., N. Y.; 25,000; Pres., 
L. E. Holland; Sec., J. H. Neal. 

Associated Press (1900), 51 Chambers St., N. Y.: 

I. 300; Gen. Mgr., F. R. Martin; Sec., M. E. Stone. 
Association for Improving Condition of Poor, 

N. Y. (1848), 105 E. 22d St., N. Y.; 22,000; Gen. 
Dir., B. B. Burritt; Sec., A. Nichols. 
Astronomical Society. American (1899), Mad¬ 
ison, Wis.; 400; Pres., W. W. Campbell; Sec., 

J. Stebbins. 

Audubon Societies, National A.ssociation of 
(1905), 1974 Broadway, N. Y.; 5.000; Pres., T. 
G. Pearson; Sec., W. F. Wharton. 

Authors League of America, Inc. (1912). 22 E. 
17th St., N. Y.; 1,400; Pres., J. L. Williams; Sec., 

E. Schuler. 

\uthors’ League Fund (1917), 22 E. 17th St., 
N. Y.; Pres., I. Bacheller; Sec. and Treas., E 
Schuler. 

Automobile Association, American (1902), 1108 
16th St., N. W., Washington D. C.; 210 000' 
Act. Exec. Ch., D. H. Lewis; Sec., A. Fifoot 
Aztec Club of 1847 (1847), Washington, D. C ; 
245; Pres., Brig. Gen. H. G. Gibson, U. S. A.; 
Sec., Col. J. F. R. Landis, U. S. A. 

Bankers’ Association, American (1875), 5 Nas-sau 
St., N. Y.; 23,000; Pres., John H. Puelicher; Sec., 
W. G. Fitzwllson. 

Bankers’ Association. N. Y. State (1894) 128 

Broadway, N. Y.; 1,121; Pres., H. Bissell, Buffalo. 
N. 5r.; Sec., E. J. Gallien. 

Baptist Convention, Northern (1907), 5109 

Waterman Ave., St. Louis, Mo.; 3,.500; Pres 

F. E. Taylor, Indianapolis; Sec., W. C. Bitting 
Baptist Convention, Southern, Home Mission 

Board (1845), Atlanta, Ga.; 3,000,000; Cor. Sec 
B. D. Gray; Treas., C. S. Carnes. 

Baptist Young People’s Union of America 
(1891), 125 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill • 1 000- 
000; Gen. Sec., J. A. White. 

American (1878), Baltimore. 
J. W. Davis, of N. Y. City; Sec.. 
W. T. Kemp, of Baltimore. Md. 


16 












Questions for Year-books 

Note: —Numbers in margin at right of questions below, give values on scale of 100%. 


1 a. Name the year-book which sketches the lives of prominent living people in America. 

b. Name the one for persons of world fame.5 each = 10 

2 In what part of the article in the “Who’s Who” year-books is the address of the person given? 

...=5 

D 

3 What are the meanings of the following abbreviations used in a condensed sketch in the 

“Who’s Who” year-books? 

“ b s ed.3each=12 


4— Should one consult a current “Who’s WTio” for a sketch of a person not living?.=5 

5— What section of “Who’s Who in America” should one consult for: 

a. Persons prominent in a certain locality; 

b. The sketch of the life of an individual?.4 each=8 

6— What very inexpensive almanac gives a vast amount of information in a greatly condensed 

form?. .j. . 1=5 

7— Is the index of the World Almanac placed at the front or at the back of the book?.=5 


8—Which of the year-books studied gives the names and the official addresses of the officers of any 
important society in the United States, under the name of the society?.=10 


9—Do the events recorded in a year-book always pertain to the year on the back of the book, 
or do they frequently pertain to events for the preceding year?.=6 

a 


10 —Would it be better to consult the World Almanac or the Statesman’s Year-book for information 
in tabular form?.....=6 


11 —^What encyclopaedia for young people publishes an inexpensive paper-bound annual giving 


briefly the events of the year?...==6 

12— Which encyclopaedia keeps up to date by means of loose leaves?.=6 

13— Which encyclopaedia publishes a year-book every year?.=6 

14 — What decade is covered by the last three volumes issued by the Britannica?.=10 
















Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required Feature of the Regular English Course 

Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicate its value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, students are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate for passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work in the library pamphlet for that course has been completed, 
the fact will be established in the student’s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference books to be as neces¬ 
sary as is training in other educational lines. 



Reference Guides 

1 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 



By 

Florence M. Hopkins 

$ jf 

Librarian 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 



This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Periodical Literature 


THIRD EDITION 




PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 

REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 















Copyright 1928 

by 

KI.ORKNCK M. HOPKINS 



'7r? T?. r?e! 


The pamphlet on Webster's New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionar 5 ^ 

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword^ on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 17)^ cents each 
plus carriage, from 

THE WILLARD COMPANY, 

601 West Fort Street, 

DETROIT, MICH. 


NOTE: Arrangements have been made between The G. & C. Merriam Co. and the Willard Co. by meane 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New International dictionary can be sold much more cheaply than can the lessons on 
miscellaneous reference books. It is hoped that this plan will make it possible for schools to adopt at once the dictionary 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the first term of high school English work, and the other pamphlets later. 




Foreword 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference Guides That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them, which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for 
high and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 


List of Pamphlets in the Series 

Graded to correspond with High School English Courses 


English 1- 
English 2- 
English 3- 
English 4- 
English 5- 
English 6- 
English 7- 
English 8- 


-Wehsteds New International Dictionary. 

-Parts of a hook: Concordances. 
-Encyclopaedias. 

-Library classification and card catalogue. 
-Year-books. 

-Indexes to periodical literature. 

-Commercial guides. 

-Government publications: city, state, and federal. 


It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools, club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes of failure in the freshman college year: four statements were 
formulated, one of which reads as follows: “Students should be trained to use 
ordinary means of securing information, such as: the table of contents, the index, 
the dictionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readers^ Guide to Periodical 
Literature, the newspaper, the informational magazine.” It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


1 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 
badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools, each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 
graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 
it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
class work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 

• 

According to the library code for capitalization all words in a title begin with 
a lower case letter instead of with a capital, except the first word, proper nouns, 
and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Certain specimen pages will show 
that some publishers follow this code. 


The following paragraphs are taken from the 
Foreword of the First Edition 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
“Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,” from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.” 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

. . . Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 

and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 

. . . . Every new student should be required to take 

some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 



Indexes 

to 

Periodical Literature 


Indexes to the great variety of scattered articles in good magazines are indis¬ 
pensable for general reference work. Standard magazines constitute our best 
source for current literature and for information regarding current events. Many 
articles are of permanent value, while many others are of passing interest only. 


Poole’s Index to Periodical Literature 

The first important index to articles in magazines was edited in 1881 by two 
friends, Poole and Fletcher. They conceived the idea of issuing an index for all 
of the best magazine articles which had appeared since the earliest magazine 
publications in this country. Much of the work for this enormous task was 
volunteered. When it was published, it comprised two large volumes, covering 
eighty years of magazine publication, and bore the title of: Poole’s Index to 
Periodical literature. Volume 1, 1802-1881. For magazines after 1881 a volume 
was issued every five years until 1906, after which date the work was discon¬ 
tinued. The articles were indexed by subject only; portraits were indicated. 

The six volumes issued are a great monument to magazine indexing, and the 
only guide to magazines for, practically, the 19th century. The various volumes 
are dated as follows: 

Vol. 1: 1802-1881 (2 parts) Vol. 4: 1892-1896 

Vol. 2: 1882-1886 Vol. 5: 1897-1901 

Vol. 3: 1887-1891 Vol. 6: 1902-1906 


Indexes to Current Periodical Literature 

and 

Selected United States Government Publications 
The H. W. Wilson Company, 958-972 University Avenue, New York 

The firm which is now doing more thorough and extensive work in the line of 
indexing current publications than any other firm in the world, is The H. W. Wilson 
Company of New York. They prepare indexes to nearly all of the good current 
magazines which are published in the English language, except those pertaining to 
purely technical subjects, such as dentistry, for example. The indexes, listed on 
page 4, guide to articles in over six hundred current publications, including many 
important publications of the United States Government. A thorough knowledge 
of the plan upon which they are arranged is indispensable for good reference work. 


3 


Agricultural Index: Issued ten times a year, indexing about 120 journals 
relating to agriculture and allied subjects. 

Index to Legal Periodicals: Issued quarterly, indexing about 60 journals on 
legal subjects. 

Industrial Arts Index: Issued ten times a year, indexing about 150 journals 
in lines of business and technical research. 

International Index to Periodicals: Issued six times a year, indexing about 
190 journals in the line of science and humanities. 

Readers* Guide to Periodical Literature: Issued monthly, indexing about 
110 important magazines for general reference. 


Book Reviews in Magazines 

An important feature of all standard magazines and newspapers is to inform 
their readers about new books. This is done by means of reviews which outline 
the general nature of the book, give its publisher and price, and the opinion of the 
editors of the magazines regarding it. A plan for bringing these reviews together 
and condensing them in a kind of “digested” form has been adopted by the 
H. W. Wilson Company, under the title of Book Review Digest. Consult the 
specimen entry from this Digest given below and read the first paragraph which 
gives the author, title, publisher, and price of the book. The second paragraph 
gives a one line statement of the general nature of the book. (The number 
at the end of the line is the Library of Congress number, needed onl}^ by 
librarians.) Read the third paragraph which is selected from a magazine entitled 
The Independent. How is the title of this magazine abbreviated at the end of 
this paragraph? Read the opinion expressed by this magazine in the fourth 
paragraph. The plus sign before Ind shows at a glance that this magazine favors 
the book. When a minus sign appears in the corresponding position, disfavor 
is indicated. Notice that the complete review of 150 words can be found in 
volume 107, on page 241 of the issue of The Independent for December 3rd, 1921. 

Are the reviews from the remaining magazines favorable? Give the volume, 
page, month, day and year of issue, and number of words for the complete review 
in the Spectator. 


Specimen Entry from Book Review Digest 

BRUES, CHARLES THOMAS. Insects and 
human welfare. 104p il $2.50 Harvard univ. 
press 

G32 Insects, Injurious and beneficial 21-1364 

“In a slim volume of one hundred pages the 
author has treated of insects in relation to 
health, food supply, the forest, household, and 
the outlook for the future. . . The book gives, 
in brief, the entire world problem of the war¬ 
fare which man must wage in order to main¬ 
tain his artificial alteration of the earth’s flora 
—his gardens, enormous wheat fields, his re¬ 
planted forests.’’—Ind 

“All confusing details are omitted, and in 
well-written and balanced generalities we are 
presented with the principles and practices of 
economic entomologv.’’ • 

-f Ind 107:241 D 3 ’21 150w 

“Though popularly written, the reader is 
surprised on completing the book, to find wiiat 
a wide range of useful as well as interesting 
information he has acquired.’’ Jean Broadhurst 
-f- J Home Econ 13:333 J1 ’21 500w 
“An instructive essay.’’ 

N + Spec 127:403 S 24 ’21 90w 

4 


The most popular of the Wilson indexes, and the one which is the most service¬ 
able for general reference work, is: 

The Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature 

This index, which is explained in detail by means of specimen entries on 
following pages, will illustrate the general plan used for other magazine indexes. 

Every month, the Readers^ Guide to Periodical Literature indexes all articles in 
over one hundred carefully selected magazines. It includes a few important United 
States Government Publications and English Magazines, as do most of the other 
indexes. The index is arranged in one alphabetical order, and gives for all articles 
in each magazine indexed: 

author; subject; title, if a story; portrait; poems under word Poms. 

Plan on Which Readers’ Guide is Cumulated 

If each monthly issue of the Readers' Guide contained an index to magazines 
for one month only, it would be necessary to examine twelve separate indexes 
in order to cover magazine articles for a year’s time. This plan would be very 
cumbersome indeed. The publishers, therefore, include, with the index of certain 
months, the indexes of preceding months of that year, and rearrange all refer¬ 
ences in one alphabetical order. This plan is called cumulative. A cumulative 
issue is, of course, much larger than is an issue for one month only. 

The work fora cumulated issue is extensive, for the type of all entries in previous 
issues must be rearranged in one alphabetical order. Few people realize the heavy 
expense of such cumulations and the service which they give. It is not necessary 
for a user of a library to memorize the months which give full cumulation, but it 
is necessary for good reference work to realize that cumulation is frequent and 
to be alert in asking for the latest issue when consulting these indexes in a library. 
An annual cumulation appears for each year. These yearly issues are again cumu¬ 
lated into large volumes, as illustrated below. Consult the illustration and tell 
which years are contained in volume 3; in volume 2; in volume 5. Notice that 
volume 1 begins with the even year, 1900. Does the illustration show the yearly 
cumulated issues for magazines published in 1922 or in 1923? 


Illustration of Cumulation by Years of the Readers’ Guide 



5 























































Explanation of Details of Entry for the Readers’ Guide 

Several full sized pages from the Readers* Guide follow, to illustrate the 
exact method of entering material. 

The full name of the magazine is not printed when reference is made to it, 
but is abbreviated. An alphabetical list of abbreviations used is given at the 
front of every issue, and is followed by the full name of the magazine, its publisher 
and price. On page 9 a specimen entry is given to illustrate this plan. Consult 
it and tell what magazines are referred to when the Guide uses the following 
abbreviations: 

Am Hist R Cur Hist M, N Y Times 

Bui Pan Am Union Delin 

Cent Educ R 

Where is the Atlantic Monthly published and what is its price? 

Where are the Farmers’ Bulletins published? 

Consult the specimen entry for page 10 near the end of the second column and 
give the title and the author of the second article under the word Food. What 
is the abbreviation of the magazine in which this article appeared? Turn to 
the specimen page containing the List of Periodicals Indexed and give the full 
name of this magazine. The number which follows Fortn is the volume of 
the magazine, and the numbers following 109 are the pages in the 109th volume. 
The dash between the pages indicates the length of the article; that is, the article 
begins on page 398 and ends on page 407. What abbreviation indicates that 
the article was published in March? ’18, of course, indicates the year. Read 
the entries for the article under Flying thoughts and tell what each means. 

Give the abbreviation which comes just before the name of the magazine 
Outing, in the first article under Fishing. This abbreviation indicates that 
the article is illustrated. In what volume of Outing did this article appear? 
In what month of 1918 was it published? How many pages are devoted to it? 

Who wrote an article about Leo Feist? The abbreviation por, which follows 
the author’s name, indicates that a portrait of Leo Feist appears in connec¬ 
tion with the article. If the name of the magazine in which this article appears is 
not recognized from the abbreviation Am M find it from the specimen page of 
List of Periodicals Indexed. Give the volume, number of pages, month and year 
for the magazine in which this article appears. 

Give the reference for a portrait of Edna Ferber. 

On what day in March of 1918 was a poem, by Mahlon Leonard Fisher, pub¬ 
lished in the Literary Digest? When a magazine is published more frequently 
than once a month, the day of the month is given to distinguish the different 
issues of that month. 

The first article under Fish as food refers to a magazine entitled Science. The 
n. s. following the title means new series. Is Science published monthly or 
more frequently than once a month? 

Who wrote the story entitled Flowering hush? Is the article illustrated? 
Is the story entered under the author’s name also? (see page ll). 


6 


All articles of importance are entered under both author and subject. Con¬ 
sult the following articles and tell under what other words, either as subject or 
author, they would again be indexed: 

Article written by Charles Evan Fowler, (page ll). 

Article under Flies: Effective method of fly control. 

Article entitled. Price of safety against fire. 

Consult the entry Finance, and below the first article name the countries 
which appear as subheadings in the center of the column. Are these countries 
in alphabetical order? 

Are countries under Food supply in alphabetical order? 

A few lines below the word France find Agriculture in bold-faced type in the 
center of the column, and notice that no magazines are given uncjer it, but that 
the reader is referred to the word Agriculture as a main topic, and to France as a 
sub-topic. Note the same for Population and for Railroads, under France. 

Many times a subject has' subdivisions under both topics and countries. 
In such a case, the topics appear first, in alphabetical order, followed by the 
countries, in alphabetical order. It is important to know this arrangement when 
consulting large subjects. The sub-arrangement under Education'iov example, 
requires several pages. 

Sub-entries Under Large Subjects 

The specimen entries under Railroads, pages 12, 13, and 14, are taken from 
the Readers’ Guide to illustrate the method of subdividing large topics. Ref¬ 
erence is made to what word after the first entry of Railroad {singular, not plural)? 
Glance down the entries under Railroad, and notice that the words following it 
are in alphabetical order. After the last one. Railroad ties, notice the plural. 
Railroads. Read the title of the first article listed under it. Directly below this 
title, under see also, find and name the first subject under which other magazine 
articles are listed. What is the last of these subjects? After these references, 
the first sub-topic under railroads, which is entered in bold-faced type in the center 
of the column, is Accidents. Read all of the bold-faced sub-topics and notice that 
they are in alphabetical order, the last one being Valuations. The next sub-topic 
is a geographical one beginning with A. Read the continents and countries on 
the page. Are they in alphabetical order? 

Under what country is the last topic on page 13 listed? What word at the 
top^of the first column on page 14 indicates that the references for Railroads in 
United States, were not completed on page 13? The sub-topic of War measures 
is entered in the center of the column a few lines from the top. After the third 
reference, under this sub-topic of War measures, the words See also call attention 
to what topic, what country under this topic, and what subdivision under the 
country? Find the general topic referred to, Railroads and state, a few lines 
below, in bold-faced type. Name the countries under this topic, in the center of 
the column, beginning with Canada. What sub-topic under United States 
is entered in the center of the second column, several lines from the top? Gov¬ 
ernment regulations, the sub-topic referred to, is not on this page. Where it 
appears, it stands out as a sub-topic, in the center of a column as Government 
operations does. 

How are the titles sub-arranged under United States in the first column? 
Under the sub-topic Government operation, the titles of the articles are again ar- 


7 


ranged alphabetically under title. Which magazine, under this sub-topic, contains 
an article entitled Government as railway manager? Which pages are referred to 
for volume 119? Which for volume 120? Give the date which refers to volume 
119, and also the one for volume 120. Is the magazine referred to published 
more frequently than once a month? 

By consulting the several subdivisions under topics and countries on pages 
12-14, find the magazine, volume, page and date for: 

Growth of railroads in China. 

Fighting snow drifts on the railways. (Look under topic, Snow protection.) 

Financing the railroads. (Find topic). 

These many references for Railroads, under topics, sub-topics, countries, etc., 
are more or less confusing, in spite of their careful arrangement. It requires 
much time to examine a large number of magazine articles, hence careful judg¬ 
ment is necessary in selecting those which appear to fit the need best. One can ' 
judge somewhat of the length of the article by noticing the pages, if the size of 
the magazine is known; the general nature of the magazine will also be some¬ 
thing of an aid, if one is familiar with it: many times the title of an article is 
a sufficient guide. 

Many magazines issue a separate index, each year, for articles which have 
appeared in their own magazines. 

The many poems published in the magazines indexed by the Readers Guide, 
are entered under author, and again under the word Poems, sub-arranged al¬ 
phabetically by titles. An annual number requires over twenty pages to list the 
titles of poems indexed for one year. Consult the specimen entry on page 15, 
illustrating this feature, and give the following: 

The name of the magazine, the volume, the date and the author under the poem 
entitled Artisan. How does one know that the magazine is published more fre¬ 
quently than once a month? Why would this poem be entered also under “M?’' 

What is the title of the last poem beginning with the word As? What is the 
title of the poem directly below it? If the alphabetical arrangement were strictly 
letter by letter, which title should be listed first? The publishers have finished 
listing all titles beginning with the same word before entering another title. 
Notice the last poem beginning with At, and the title of the poem following it, 
for another illustration of this word by word plan of alphabetizing. 

Read page 16, which illustrates the hook catalogues of The H. W. Wilson 
Company. These catalogues make it possible to find the publisher and price 
of almost any book printed in the United States, if the author, title, or subject 
of the book is known. Books sold by subscription are not included. Books 
are not analysed as magazines are. 


8 


Specimen Entry from 
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature 

Showing Abbreviations used for Periodicals 

List of Periodicals Indexed 


Am City—American City. (C ed) City Edi¬ 
tion. $3. Civic Press, Tribune Building, 
New York. 

—Same. (T and C ed) Town and County 
Edition. $3. 

—Same. (Both editions to one address) $4 
(C ed) or (T and C ed) in entry indicates 
that article is contained in City edition or 
Town and County edition only. Entries not 
so distinguished refer to either edition. 

Am Eccil R —American Economic Review. 
$5. American Economic Association, 
Ithaca, New York. 

Am Hist Assn Rept—American Historical 
Association Report. $3 to members (in¬ 
cluding annual subscription to the Amer¬ 
ican Historical Review). American His¬ 
torical Association, 1140 Woodward 
Bldg., Washington, D. C. 

Am Hist R —American Historical Review. 
$4. $3 to members of the American his¬ 

torical association (including Annual re¬ 
port). Macmillan Company, 66 Fifth 
Ave., New York. 

Am J Soc—American Journal of Sociol¬ 
ogy. $2. University of Chicago Press, 
Chicago. 

Am M —American Magazine. $2. Crowell 
Publishing Company, Springfield, O. 

Ann Am Acad—Annals of the American 
Academy of Political and Social Science. 
$6. $5 to members of the Academy. 36th 
St. and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia. 

Arch Rec—Architectural Record. $3. 
Architectural Record Company, 115 West 
40th St., New York. 

Art and Archaeol—Art and Archaeology. 
$3. Archaeological Institute of America, 
Washington, D. C. 

Art World—Art World and Arts and Dec¬ 
oration. $4. Hewitt Publishing Corpora¬ 
tion, 470 Fourth Ave., New York. 

Asia—Asia, Journal of the American Asiatic 
Association. $2. Asia Publishing Co., 
627 Lexington Ave., New York. 

Atlan—Atlantic Monthly. $4. Atlantic 
Monthly Company, 41 Mt. Vernon St., 
Boston. 

Bellman—The Bellman. $4. The Bellman 
Co., 118 South 6th St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Bib World—Biblical World. $2. University 
of Chicago Press, Chicago. 

Bird Lore—Bird-Lore. $1.50. D. Appleton & 
Co., Harrisburg, Pa. 

Bookm—Bookman. $3. Dodd, , Mead & 
Co., 4th Ave. & 30th St., New York. 

Bui Pan Am Union—Bulletin of the Pan 
American Union. $2. 17th and B Sts., 
N. W., Washington, D. C. 

Canad M —Canadian Magazine. $2.50. 200 
Adelaide St. West, Toronto, Canada. 


Cath World—Catholic World. $3. 120-122 
W. 6oth St., New York. 

Cent—Century. $4. Century Co., 353 4th 
Ave., New York. 

Child Labor Bui—Child Labor Bulletin. $2. 
National Child Labor Committee, 105 East 
22nd St., New York. 

Conf Char and Correc. See Nat Conf Soc 
Work 

Contemp—Contemporary Review. $5. 
Leonard Scott Pub. Co., 249 West 13th 
St., New York. 

Country Life—New Country Life. $5. Dou¬ 
bleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N. Y. 

Cur Hist M, N Y Times—Current History 
Magazine of the New York Times. $3. 
New York Times Co., Times Square, New 
York. 

Cur Opinion—Current Opinion. $3. Cur¬ 
rent Literature Pub. Co., 63 W. 36th St., 
New York. 

Delin—Delineator. $1.50. Butterick Pub. Co., 
Butterick Bldg., Spring and MacDougal 
Sts., New York. 

Dial—Dial. S'?. The Dial Pub. Co., 152 W. 
13th St., New York City. 

Edin R—Edinburgh Review. $4.50. Leonard 
Scott Pub. Co., 249 West 13th St., New 
York. 

Educa—Education. $3. Palmer Co., 120 
Boylston St, Boston. 

Educ R—Educational Review. $3. Educa¬ 
tional Review Pub. Co., Columbia Univer¬ 
sity, New York. 

El School J—Elementary School Journal. 
$1.50. University of Chicago Press, Chi¬ 
cago. 

Everybody’s—Everybody’s Magazine. $1.50 
The Ridgeway Company, Spring & Mac- 
dougal Sts., New York. 

Farmers’ Bui—United States. Department 
of Agriculture. Farmers’ bulletins. A 
limited number of copies are available for 
free distribution by Division of Publica¬ 
tions, Department of Agriculture, Wash¬ 
ington, D. C. 

Fortn—Fortnightly Review. $5. Leonard 
Scott Pub. Co., 249 West 13th St., New 
York. 

Forum—Forum. $2.50. The Forum Pub¬ 
lishing Co., 118 East 28th St., New York 

Gard M —Garden Magazine. $2. Double¬ 
day, Page & Co., Garden City, N. Y. 

Good H—Good Housekeeping. $1.50. 119 W. 
40th St., New York. 

Harper—Harper’s Monthly Magazine. $4. 
Harper & Bros., Franklin Square, New 
York. 


9 



specimen Entry from 
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature 


Federal reserve board 

Capital Issues committee 
Supervision of security issues by the United 
States. A. B. Forbes. Nation 106:372-4 Mr 28 
'18 

Feebleminded 

Folly-of freedom for fools. Survey 39:657 Mr 
.. 16 '18 
Feist, Leo 

Knows all about the popular song business. 
E. M. Wickes. por Am M 85:48-9 F ’18 
Feminism 

Feminism business. Woman’s H C 45:12 Ap ’18 
Freedom and family life. Unpop R 9:112-22 Ja 
’18 

Fenderson, Mark 

Delectable dinners. Woman’s H C 45:42 Ap ’18 
Ferber, Edna 

Joy of the job. por Am M 85:34-5 Mr ’18 
Ferguson, Charles 

Revolution absolute. Bookm 46:647-52; 47:48-57, 
160-70 F-Ap ’18 
Ferguson, Elsie (Louise) 

Portrait. Am M 85:27 Mr ’18 
Fernandez, Jose Vincente 
Sketch, por Bvil Pan Am Union 46:232-4 F ’18 
Fertilizers and manures 
Fertilizer needs of the United States. H. J. 
Wheeler. Q J Econ 32:209-37 F ’18 
Feuchtinger, Eugene 

New method of training the voice. Q J Speech 
Educ 4:93-102 Ja ’18 
Fiction 

Eight stories of good cheer; ed. by F: H. Law. 

il Ind 93:418-20, 460-2, 496, 526 Mr 9-30 ’18 
Sentimental America. H: S. Canby. Atlan 121: 
500-6 Ap ’18 

Spring opening in fiction. H. W. Boynton. 

Bookm 47:175-81 Ap ’18 
Story in the making. Unpop R 9:93-6 Ja ’18 
Filene, A. Lincoln 

Status of the daylight saving plan. Am City 
18:217-18 Mr ’18 

Filsinger, Mrs Ernst B. See Teasdale, Sara 
Filters and filtration 

Characteristics of a lime softening filtration 
plant. W. A. Sperry, il Am City 18:253-7 Mr 
’18 

Finance 

Tomorrow of finance. S. N. Patten. Ann Am 
Acad 76:257-71 Mr ’18 

Germany 

Germany’s financial burdens. Lit Digest 56: 
90-2 Mr 2 ’18 

Germany’s financial outlook. H. J. Jennings. 
19th Cent 83:374-85 F ’18 

Great Britain 

Levy on capital after the war. F. W. P. Law¬ 
rence. Contemp 113:308-15 Mr ’18 

Japan 

Emergency financial measures of Japan. S. 
Takashima. J Pol Econ 26:302-7 Mr ’18 

Russia 

Bolshevik repudiation. H. J. Jennings. Fortn 
109:428-37 Mr ’18 

United States 

Aside from sentiment. Ind 93:529 Mr 30 ’18 
United States—world banker and commercial 
leader. J: K. Barnes. World’s Work 35:479- 
,80 Mr ’18 

FInck, Henry Theophilus 
Golden cock. Nation‘106:300-1 Mr 14 '18 
War-time pleasures of the table. Cent 95:899- 
904 Ap ’18 

FIndlater, Jane Helen 

Compulsory rations. Liv Age 296:551-60, 607- 
14 Mr 2-9 ’18 
Findlay, Hugh 

Better garden this year;-‘Ind 93:359 Mr 2 ’18 
How to plant and raise vines. Art World 3: 
sup5-8 Mr ’18 
Finland 

Republic of Finland. A. Yarmolinsky. map Cur 
Hist M, N Y Times 7,pt2:437-41 Mr ’18 

Finney, Ross L. 

Sociological principle determining the elemen¬ 
tary curriculum. School and Soc 7:338-49 Mr 
23 ’18 


Fire protection 

Price of safety against fire. C: Hill. Ind Man¬ 
agement 55:217-18 Mr ’18 
Sootless Saturdays. W. A. Mohrbacher. Am 
City 18:246 Mr ’18 

Fish, Carl Ffussell. See Paxson, Frederic L., jt. 
auth. 

Fish as food 

Contributions of zoology to human welfare. 
H. M Smith. Science n s 47:299-301 Mr 29 
'18 

Food value and digestibility of fish and sea 
food. P. B. Hawk. Ladies’ H J 35:59 Ap ’18 
Fisher, Helen Dwight 

Boy, the war and the harrow. Survey 39:704-6 
Mr 30 '18 
Fisher, Irving 

Some contributions of the war to our knowl¬ 
edge of money and prices; abstract. Am 
Econ R 8:sup257-8 Mr ’18 
Fisher, Mahlon Leonard 
Love of children; poem. Lit Digest 56:36 Mr 9 
’18 
Fishing 

Cast thy lure' upon the waters, il Outing 72: 
44-7 Ap ’18 

Good form in fly-casting. S. Taylor, il Outing 
72:40-1 Ap ’18 
Fisk, Eugene Lyman 

If you afe 40 or over. Ladies’ H J 35:90 Mr ’18 
Fiske, Bradley Allen 

Admiral Fiske on our use of aircraft against 
the German navy, por R of Rs 57:315-16 Mr 
’18 

Fiske, John (Edmund Fiske Green) 

John Fiske’s long struggle for recognition, il 
Cur Opinion 64:198-9 Mr ’18 
Flaherty, Janies A. 

Who are the Knights of Columbus? Ladies’ 
H J 35:66 Mr ’18 
Flamel, Nicholas 

Ancient defensive armor in modern warfare. 
Sci Am S 85:180-2 Mr 23 ’18 
Flashlight photography. See Photography, 
Flashlight 
Fleming, R. 

Fourth dimension. Sci Am S 85:188-9 Mr 23 ’18 
Fletcher, John Gould 
Earth; poem. Bookm 47:92 Mr ’18 
New heaven; poem. Yale R n s 7:527-8 Ap ’18 
Poetry of Conrad Aiken. Dial 64:291-2 Mr 28 
’18 

Flexner, Simon 

Franklin P. Mall: an appreciation. Science n s 
47:249-54 Mr 15 ’18 
Fliers. See Aviators 
Flies 

Effective methods of fly control. T: J. Head- 
lee. Sci Am S 85:150-1 Mr 9 ’18 
Flies as carriers of contagion 
Insects and the national health. C: T. Brues. 
il Sci Monthly 6:202-6 Mr ’18 
Flint implements and weapons. See Stone im¬ 
plements and weapons 
Flood control 

Flood protection for the Miami vallev. O. R. 
Geyer. il map R of Rs 57:291-6 Mr ^8 
Florida 

Florida surveyed for war and peace. Survev 
39:598 Mr 2 ’18 

Flour 

Shall we eat whole-wheat bread? R. A 
Dutcher. Science n s 47:228-32 Mr 8 ’18 
IVhat I do with the mixed flours. A. B. Scott, 
il Ladies* H J 35:33 Ap ’18 
Flour mills 

Old-fashioned flour mill. H. Snyder, il Bell¬ 
man- 24:207-9 F 23 *18 

Flowering bush, story. M E. W Freeman, il 
Woman’s H C 45:18-19 Ap ’18 
Flowers 

Color in the garden. L. B. Wilder, il Countrv 
Life 33:26-40 Mr ’18 

What’s new in vegetable and flower seeds? 
il Gard M 27:74-5 Mr ’18 

Flying thoughts. C: B. Nordhoff Atlan 121:554^ 
62 Ap ’18 

Focusing. See Photography—Focusing 
Food 

Economic war foods and war-food production. 

S. Morgan. Fortn 109:270-7 F ’18 
Food and common sense. E. Lyttelton. Fortn 
109:398-407 Mr ’18 


Food—Continued to French*, next page 
10 


Specimen Entry from 


Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature 


Food —Continued 

Dickinson. Bookm 47: 

^196-8 Ap '18 

the table. H; T. Finck. 
Cent 95:899-904 Ap '18 

Food, Cost of 

Laut. New Repub 14: 
254-7 Mr 30 ’18 ‘ ' 

How food-prices have advanced here and in 
other countries. Lit Digest 56:126-8 Mr 16 
18 

Food administration. See United States—Food 
administration 
Food conservation 

Are we really saving? L. Oppen. il Good H 66: 
• 62 F 18 

Dining with the Hoovers. D. Harmon. Ladies’ 
H J 35:28 Mr ’18 

Food conservation at the source. Ind 93:509 
Mr 30 ’18 

Food fight. E: E. Purinton. Ind 93:455 Mr 16 
18 

No conservation in cantonments? New Repub 
14:145-6 Mr 2 ’18 

Somewhere in New England; the chronicle of 
a Hoover recruit in the rural districts. 
House B 43:219-20 Mr ’18 
When Mrs Canada goes to market. J. Airlie. 
il Delin 92:32 Ap ’18 
Food distribution 

.Averting famine. A. C. Laut. New Repub 14: 
254-7 Mr 30 ’18 
Food laws 

Decade of pure food. Sci Am 118:270 Mr 30 ’18 
Food supply 

Europe and the food crisis. R of Rs 57:321-2 
Mr ’18 

Our hungry enemies. Lit Digest 56:24-5 Mr 16 
’18 


T^chmg Sammy the American for morale. 
World Outl 4:7-8 Ap '18 
Foster, Olive Hyde 

What a garden club has done for Its com¬ 
munity. Touchstone 2:600-4 Mr ’18 
F’<^*idatlons, Charitable and educational 
Place of the educational foundation in Amer- 
man education. C. Furst. School and Soc 7: 
364-9 Mr 30 ’18 

Founders’ association, National. See National 
founders’ association 
Foundry practice 

Small castings from alloys and scrap metals. 
W. J. May. Sci Am S 85:171 Mr 16 '18 
Four piggy-wigs; story. A. E. Cartlidge. il 
Woman’s H C 45:46 Ap ’18 
Fourth dimension 

Fourth dimension. R. Fleming, il Sci Am S 
85:188-9 Mr 23 ’18 
Fowler, Charles Evan 

Can coal be pumped? Sci Am 118:211 Mr 9 ’18 
F ra nee 

Spirit of France. C: Whibley. Liv Age 296: 
522-31 Mr 2 ’18 


Agriculture 

See Agriculture—France 

Industries and resources 

Future of France—and of civilisation. Politi- 
cus. Fortn 109:213-29 F ’18 

Population 
See Population—France 

Railroads 

Bee Railroads—France 

Reconstruction 


Canada 

Canada and the food problem. H. L. Pang- 
born. Outlook 118:443-4 Mr 20 '18 

Germany 

No Russian food for Germany. Lit Digest 56: 
21-2 Mr 23 ’18 


Great Britain 

Short commons. Liv Age 296:757-9 Mr 23 ’18 

Russia 

No Russian food for Germany. Lit Digest 56: 
21-2 Mr 23 ’18 

Ukrainia’s doubtful granary. Bellman 24:232 
Mr 2 ’18 

United States 

Our shrinking dinner-pail. Lit Digest 56:17 
Mr 9 ’18 

Foote, John Taintor 
Otto. Am M 85:9-13+ Ap ’18 
For my sunny California; story. B. Helmer. 
Overland ns 71:324-8 Ap ’18 

Forbes, Allen B. 

Supervisibn of security issues by the United 
States. Nation 106:372-4 Mr 28 ’18 
Forbes, Bertie Charles 
Ripley’s recipe. Am M 85:28-30 Mr '18 
Foreign banks In the United States. See Banks 
and banking—United States—Foreign banks 
Forests and forestry 

Woodland development and its by-product of 
fuel. H- J* Koehler; F. F. Moon, il Country 
Life 33:50-2 Ap ’18 
Forging 

Organizing to produce shell forgings. F. E. 
Merriam. il Ind Management 55:193-7 Mr ’18 
Forster, Charles iHancock 
Henri Bergson. ‘ Overland ns 71:358 Ap ’18 

Forster, Frank J. 

Gateway to the garden, il Touchstone 2:559-63 
Mr ’18 

Fort Worth, Xexas 

City’s vast watershed park. W. D. Davis. Am 
City 18:223-4 Mr ’18 
Fortification 

German pill box defenses, il Ulus World 29: 
224 Ap ’18 
Forum, Open 

Open forum in ATnenca as a safe-guard 
against revolution. P. S. Grant. Cur Opinion 
64:172-3 Mr ’18 
Fosdick. Raymond Blaine 
Fit for flgnting—and after. Scrib M 63:415-23 
Ap ’18 


Restoration of a French village. B. A. Clark. 
House B 43:226 Mr ’18 

Yankee peddlers in the Somme; the Smith 
college relief unit at work. R. Gaines, il Sur¬ 
vey 39:594-6 Mr 2 ’18 
Franchise. See Suffrage 

Francis, David Rowland 

Portrait. Asia 18:179 Mr ’18; World's Work 
35:462 Mr '18 
Frank, Glenn 

General staff for peace. Cent 95:860-4 Ap ’18 

l^rsnWIin P a Q 

Portrait. World’s Work 35:463 Mr ’18 
Fraser, Andrew Henderson Leith 

Problem before us in India. 19th Cent 83:275- 
86 F ’18 

Fraser, Sir John Foster 

How the war transformed England. Cur Hist 
M, N Y Times 7,pt2:509-14 Mr ’18 
Frederick II (Frederick the Great), king of 
Prussia 

Is Frederick worse than he seems? il Lit Di¬ 
gest 56:32 Mr 9 ’18 
Free enterprise. See Laissez-faire 

Freedom of the seas 

England, America and the sea. Liv Age 296: 
696-8 Mr 16 ’18 

Freedom of the seas. A. M. Wolfson. Ind 93: 
490 Mr 23 ’18 
Freeman, Harry H. 

City manager plan, with proportional repre¬ 
sentation, for Kalamazoo. Ara City 18:248 
Mr ’18 

Freeman, Lewis R. See Speranza, Gino, jt. auth. 
Freeman, Mrs Mary Eleanor (Wilkins) 

Flowering bush. Woman’s H C 45:18-19 Ap ’18 
Freezing of pavements. See Roads—Frost action 

Freight car service 

Principles and practices of car service regula¬ 
tion. H. E. Byram. Ann Am Acad 76:25-33 
Mr ’18 

Regulation of car service under government 
control of operation. J: J. Esch. Ann Am 
Acad 76:34-41 Mr ’18 

Freight vessels 

Pulling the teeth of torpedoes; Hudson Max¬ 
im’s safety freighter. E. T. Bronsdon. il diag 
Ulus World 29:216-18 Ap ’18 

French, William Fleming 

Railroading behind the lines. Illus World 29: 
219-23 Ap ’18 

What Uncle Sam thinks of 'the specialist. Illus 
World 29:188-92 Ap ’18 


11 


Specimen Entry from 
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature 


Radiometer 

How wireless helps the mariner; keeping nav¬ 
igation posted by means of the radiometer 
and the radiophore. R. A. Lavender, il dias 
Sci Am 118:340 Ap 13 '18 
Radiophore 

How wireless helps the mariner; keeping 
navigation posted by means of the radiom¬ 
eter and the radiophore. R. A. Lavender, 
il diag Sci Am 118:340 Ap 13 '18 
Radiotelegraphy. See Wireless telegraphy 
Radiotelephony. See Wireless telephony 
Radiotherapy 

Electricity in medicine; diathermy and radi¬ 
ography. Sci Am S 86:30 J1 13 '18 
Radium 

Madame Curie and radium. R. J. Strutt. Liv 
Age 297:247-9 Ap 27 '18; Same. Overland ns 
72:51-3 J1 '18 

Radium as the great medical mystery. Cur 
Opinion 64:408 Je '18 

Radium of romance. D. L. Sharp. Atlan 122:67- 
76 J1 '18 

Raemaekers, Louis 

Louis Raemaekers. P. Van Emden. il Int 
Studio 65:sup8-12 J1 '18 

Raemaekers, a mainspring of armed force. 
S. S. Menken, per Cent 95:557-60 F ’18 
Rag rugs. See Rugs 
Rag-time 

American influence on modern French music. 
S. F. Damon. Dial 65:93-5 Ag 15 '18 

What is ragtime? H. Hubbs. Outlook 118:345 P 
27 '18 

Raided; story. St J: G. Ervine. Cent 97:116-20 
N '18 

Raiders 

German raiders which put out to sea without 
crews, il Sci Am 117:377 N 24 '17; Same 
cond. Lit Digest 56:24 Ja 12 '18 

See also Seeadler (raider); Wolf (raider) 
Rail-creep. See Rails 

Railey, Hilton Howell 

Making over men. Ind 93:176 F 2 '18 

Railroad bonds. See Bonds, Railroad 
Railroad commissions 

Regional railroad commissions: their relation 
to the state commissions and to the inter¬ 
state commission. J. E. Love. Ann Am Acad 
76:252-6 Mr '18 

Railroad employees. See Railroads—Employees 
Railroad engineers 

Great w'ork of American railroad men in 
France, il Scrib M 64:60-70 J1 '18 

Railroad law 

Next step in railway legislation. D: Y. 
Thomas. Unpop R 9:49-57 Ja '18 

Status of existing railroad laws and regula¬ 
tive agencies under federal control. E. Wat¬ 
kins. Ann Am Acad 76:121-4 Mr '18 

Railroad signals. See Railroads—Signals 
Railroad ties 

Better railroad ties. O. P. M. Goss, il Sci 
Am 117:453 D 15 '17 

Longitudinal sleepers for railways and tram¬ 
ways. il plans Sci Am S 85:172 Mr 16 '18 

Successful concrete railway ties. D: Williams, 
il Ulus World 30:177-9 O '18 

Railroads 

New transcontinental railways. Lit Digest 58: 
24-5 Ag 31 '18 

See also Dining cars; Electric railroads; 
Freight and freightage; Locomotives; Motor 
trucks on rails; Ship railroads; Sleeping 
cars; Street railroads 

Accidents 

Curbing the crossing maniac, il Ulus World 
29:175 Ap '18 

See also Railroads—Signals 

Cars 

See Cars; Freight car service 


Crossings 

See Grade crossings 

Electrification 

Blectrifled government railways. Lit Digest 
56:27 Mr 30 '18 

Electrifying the locomotive. F. Telford, U 
Ulus World *29:879-81 Ag '18 

Over the Rockies by electricity. J. Anderson, 
il St N 45:654-6 My '18 

Employees 

Adjustment of labor’s demands during federal 
control of railroad operation. G. E. Plumb. 
Ann Am Acad 76:59-69 Mr '18 

Million government railway men. Survey 39: 
399 Ja 5 '18 

New railroad wage order. Survey 40:674 S 14 
'18 

Railroad labor adjustment. O. Tead. Public 
21:46-9 Ja 11 '18 

Railroad wages. Public 21:624-5 My 18 '18 

Report of the Railroad wage commission. 
J. H. Parmelee. Am Econ R 8:654-9 S '18 

Toward democratic control; Mr McAdoo’s ap¬ 
pointment of W. S. Carter as director of 
labor in the new railroad administration. 
New Repub 14:163-4 Mr 9 '18 

War-wages for railroad men. Lit Digest 57:11 
My 25 '18 

When ladies learn the art of railroading, il 
Sci Am 118:571 Je 22 '18 

See also Eight-hour law, Railroad 

Equipment and supplies 

Buying whole railroads and reducing them to 
junk. Cur Opinion 65:274-5 O '18 

Physical needs of the railways under govern¬ 
ment control. J. H. Parmelee. Ann Am Acad 
76:42-58 Mr '18 

See also Locomotives 

Finance 

Financing the railroads. A. D. Noyes. Nation 
106:632 My 25 '18 

Government control and railway finance. Out¬ 
look 118:71 Ja 9 '18 

Last year’s increases in railroad revenue. Lit 
Digest 57:88 Je 8 '18 

Problem of railroad finance. L. Criscuolo. Ind 
95:432 S 28 '18 

Railroad control becomes self-sustaining. Lit 
Digest 59:79 O 5 '18 

Railroad finance from the standpoint of effi¬ 
ciency. H. C. Kidd. Sci Monthly 6:241-5 Mr 
'18 

Recent railroad earnings, gross and net, and 
earnings under federal control. Lit Digest 
56:100-2 Mr 30 ’18 

Recent railroad failures and reorganizations. 
1907-17. S. Daggett, map Q J Econ 32:446-86 
My '18 

Taking the railroads out of Wall Street. R. L. 
Barnum. Nation 106:643-5 Je 1 '18 

See also Railroads—Rates; Railroads—Se¬ 
curities; Railroads—Valuation 

Freight 

See Freight and freightage 

Government ownership 

See Railroads and state 


Law 

See Railroad law 

Management 

See o7so Railroads—Finance; Railroads and 
state—United States—Government control 

Rates 

Higher rates and net railroad revenue. Lit 
Digest 57:64-5 Je 29 '18 
How could nationalization of rate regulation 
best be accomplished? M. S. Decker. Ann 
Am Acad 76:229-38 Mr '18 
Legal questions involved in nationalization of 

Lamb. Ann Am Acad 

7b:239-51 Mr 18 

Necessity for exclusive federal control over 
state and interstate rates. E. J. Rich. Ann 
Am Acad 76:214-28 Mr '18 


12 


Specimen Entry from 
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature 


Railroads —Rates —Continued 
Point now reached in the federal regulation 
of intrastate rates. J. A. Little. Ann Am 
Acad 76:202-13 Mr ’18 

Problem of the transcontinental rate structure. 
P. D. Converse. J Pol Econ 26:291-301 Mr 
’18 

Railroad rates and wages. J Pol Econ 26: 
748-9 J1 '18 


Africa 

Steam train. World Outl 4:21 F ’18 

See also Cape-to-Cairo railway; Katanga 
railway 

Asia 

New route to India. Ind 93:479 Mr 23 ’18 
See also Bagdad railway 


Regulation 

See Railroads and state 
Securities 

Adjustment of labor’s demands during federal 
control of railroad operation. G. E. Plumb. 
Ann Am Acad 76:59-69 Mr ’18 
As to the pendulum’s return swing in rails 
after the war. Lit Digest 57:106-8 Ap 13 ’18 
Better day for railroad stockholders. Lit Di¬ 
gest 58:82-4 J1 13 ’18 

Desirable scope and method of federal regu¬ 
lation of railroad securities. M. Thelen. Ann 
Am Acad 76:191-201 Mr ’18 
Dividends and savings of railroads under 
government control. Lit Digest 56:78 Ja 19 
’18 

Few foreign holdings now of American rail 
securities. Lit Digest 56:59 Ja 5 ’18 * 
Future of railroad stocks. L. Criscuolo. Ind 
93:214-15 F 2 ’18 

Government operation of American railroads. 

C. Thorne. Ann Am Acad 76:84-110 Mr ’18 
Railroad earnings now heavy. Lit Digest 59: 
92-4 N 9 ’18 

Railroad security issues under government 
operation. T: Conway, jr. Ann Am Acad 76: 
111-20 Mr ’18 

Railway dividends under government control. 

Lit Digest 56:97 F 9 ’18 
Reorganized railway. Outlook 120:73 S 11 ’18 
State regulation of the securities of railroads 
and public service companies. M. L. Bar¬ 
ron. Ann Am Acad 76:167-90 Mr ’18 
Who owns the railroads of the United States? 
Cur Opinion 64:139 F ’18 
See also Bonds, Railroad; Railroads—^Valu¬ 
ation 

Signals 

Clear track ahead for Uncle Sam. R: West. 

il Ulus World 28:824-5 F ’18 
Position-light signals for railroad service. 

A. H. Rudd. Sci Am S 86:139 Ag 31 ’18 
Price of forgetfulness. Lit Digest 58:20 Ag 24 
’18 

Snow protection and removal 

Concrete snowsheds of novel design, il Sci 
Am 118:59 Ja 12 ’18 ^ , 

Fighting snow drifts on the railways, il Sci 
Am S 85:164 Mr 16 ’18 

Trees to keep the snow back, il Lit Digest 56: 
31-2 Mr 16 ’18 
See also Windbreaks 

Standards 

Standardization of freight cars and locomo¬ 
tives. W. G. McAdoo. Sci Am S 86:261 O 26 
’18 

Statistics 

Documents and statistics pertinent to current 
railroad problems. C. H. Crennan and W. E. 
Warrington. Ann Am Acad 76:282-304 Mr ’18 

Ticket offices 

Union ticket office. Sci Am 118:512 Je 1 T8 

Ties 


Australia 

Australia’s first transcontinental railroad, il 
map Sci Am 118:212-13 Mr 9 ’18 
Miles of railway through waterless country. 

il Sci Am 117:497 D 29 ’17 
Railway built through a thousand waterless 
miles, map Lit Digest 67:21-2 My 18 ’18 

Bolivia 

Finishing the Oruro-Cochabamba railway line. 
W; Henderson, il Pan Am M 26:235-9 Mr ’18 

Brazil 

On the rainbow route in the Andes. W. W. 
Rasor. map Pan Am M 27:328-9 O ’18 

China 

Growth of railroads in China, il Sci Am 118: 
346 Ap 13 ’18 

Europe 

Bordeaux-Odessa vs. Berlin-Bagdad. map 
World’s Work 35:388-90 F ’18 

France 

French railroads and American engineers, il 
Lit Digest 59:23-4 N 16 ’18 
Some aspects of French railway war finance. 
S. E. Howard. Q J Econ 32:309-32 F ’18 

Germany 

German railways in war-times. Lit Digest 56: 
133-4 Mr 16 ’18 

Great Britain 

Past and future of railways. J. H. Balfour- 
Browne. 19th Cent 83:619-36 Mr ’18 
See also Railroads and state—Great Brit¬ 
ain 

Japan 

Japanese railway welfare work. S. Nodi. 
Survey 39:544 F 16 ’18 

Mexico 

British railways in Mexico. Liv Age 296:381 
F 9 ’18 

Condition of Mexican railways. Pan Am M 
28:46-8 N ’18 

Netherlands 

Dutch-German railways and their sigr'^- 
cance. D. C. Boulger. 19th Cent 83:1116-24 
Je ’18 

Paraguay 

Paraguay central railway; an up-to-date line 
in the heart of South America, map Pan Am 
M 27:316-17 O ’18 

Persia 

Between the Tigris and the Indus. T: H. 
Holdich. Sci Am S 84:394-5 D 22 ’17 

Russia 

Russian railroads are not so crippled as has 
been represented. Cur Opinion 64:222-4 Mr 
’18 

See also Mur man railway 


See Railroad ties 

Track 

Longitudinal sleepers for railways and tram¬ 
ways. il plans Sci Am S 85:172 Mr 16 ’18 

Valuation 

Federal valuation of railroads in relation to a 
definite policy of national railway control; 
with discussion. J: Bauer. Am Econ R 8: 
SUP113-40 Mr ’18 . ^ - 

Has the importance of federal valuation of 
railroads been increased or lessenedby fed¬ 
eral control of operation? H. B. Whaling. 
Ann Am Acad 76:125-30 Mr ’18 


United States 

Future of railroads. L. Criscuolo. Ind 93:632-3 
Mr 30 ’18 

Dld-time government control. H: Hazlitt. Na¬ 
tion 106:99-100 Ja 24 ’18 
L,300 miles of railroad junked. Lit Digest 56: 
24 Ja 19 ’18 

Recent railroad failures and reorganizations. 
1907-17. S. Daggett, map Q J Econ 32:446-86 
My ’18 

Responsibility for railway chaos. T. W. Van 
Metre. New Repub 14:17-20 F 2 ’18 
Superfluous railways. Lit Digest 57:20 My 25 

’18 


13 


specimen Entry from 
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature 


Railroads—United States —Continued 
United States railway system, il Sci Am 118: 
49 Ja 12 '18 

See also Interstate commerce commission; 
Railroads and state—United States 

TFor measures 

Federal control of railroads in war time. M. 

Thelen. Ann Am Acad 76:14-24 Mr '18 
Problems of military transportation. W: H. 

Carter. No Am 207:52-6 Ja '18 
Time tables and garden truck, il Card M 28: 
24 Ag '18 

Bee also Railroads and state—^United States 
—Government regulation 
Railroads, Military 

Learning to run a railroad in the dark. Lit 
Digest 59:40 O 26 '18 

Railroads and state . 

Precedents for private ownership and gov¬ 
ernment operation of transportation facili¬ 
ties. D. F. Wilcox. Ann Am Acad 76:70-83 
Mr '18 

Superstition of the state. C. S. Jones. Liv 
Age 298:497-8 Ag 24 '18 

World’s railways as owned, or not owned, by . 
governments. Lit Digest 55:112 D 29 '17 

Bee also Public utilities—^Regrulatlon 
Canada 

Canada to run her own railways. Lit Digest 
59:20-1 O 5 '18 

France 

Some aspects of French railway war finance. 
S. E. Howard. Q J Econ 32:309-32 F '18 

Great Britain 

British railways during and after the war. 

S. Brooks. No Am 207:196-208 F '18 
How stockholders fare when a government 
manages their railways. Lit Digest 56:56-8 
Ja 5 '18 

United States 

Can the railways ever be unscrambled? J. G: 

Frederick. Public 21:1452-4 N 30 '18 
Failures and possibilities in railroad regula¬ 
tion. T. W. Van Metre. Ann Am Acad 76: 
1-13 Mr '18 

Federal valuation of railroads in relation to a 
definite policy of national railway control; 
with discussion. J: Bauer. Am Econ R 8: 
supll3-40 Mr '18 

Government and the railroads. L. Grahame. 

Pan Am M 26:94-6 D '17 
Government and the railways. Nation 105: 
656-7 D 13 '17 

Government and the railways. Outlook 117: 
674-5 D 26 '17 

Government ownership of railroads. World’s 
Work 35:475-6 Mr '18 

Government ownership of railroads. S. Bell. 

Outlook 118:343-4 F 27 '18 
How could nationalization of rate regulation 
best be accomplished? M. S. Decker. Ann 
Am Acad 76:229-38 Mr '18 
How the new railway plans would work. 

R. L. Barnum. Nation 105:676 D 13 '17 
Instead of public ownership. A. Johnson. New 
Repub 14:345-7 Ap 20 '18 
Is the government competent to run the rail¬ 
roads? Lit Digest 55:7-8 D 22 '17 
Is Uncle Sam to keep the railroads? D. Wil¬ 
helm. il Ind 96:286-74- N 30 '18 
Legal questions involved in nationalization of 
rate regulation. W: E. Lamb. Ann Am Acad 
76:239-51 Mr '18 

Necessity for exclusive federal control over 
state and interstate rates. E. J. Rich. Ann 
Am Acad 76:214-28 Mr '18 
Necessity for public ownership of the rail¬ 
ways. F: C. Howe. Ann Am Acad 76:157-66 
Mr '18 

Next step in railway legislation. Unpop R 9: 
49-57'Ja '18 

One nation; one railroad. Ind 92:467 D 8 '17 
Paving the way for public ownership of rail¬ 
ways. C. D. Thompson. Public 21:1408-10 
N 16 '18 

Railroad crisis. L. Criscuolo. Ind 93:444- Ja 
5 *18 

Railroad crisis. O. Tead. New Repub 13:143-4 
D 8 '17 


Railroads. T. H. Price. Outlook 117:678-9 D 
26 '17 

Railroads and the government. C: F. Speare. 

R of Rs 57:73-6 Ja '18 
Railroads and the new democracy. F. C. 

Howe. Public 21:14-17 Ja 4 '18 
Railways and government intervention. T: F. 

Woodlock. Nation 105:686-7 D 20 '17 
Railways in peace and war. S: O. Dunn. Yale 
R n s 7:362-81 Ja '18 

Reconstituting railroad regulation. G: A. Post. 

Ann Am Acad 76:139-41 Mr '18 
Solving the railroad problem. World's Work 
35:234 Ja '18 

Suggested plan for permanent governmental 
supervision of railroad operation after the 
war. A. W. Smith. Ann Am Acad 76:142-56 
Mr '18 

To run thirty-eight railroads as one. Lit Di¬ 
gest 55:19-20 D 8 '17 

Bee also Interstate commerce commission 


Government operation 


Control of railroads after the war. H: A. Pal¬ 
mer. Ann Am Acad 76:131-8 Mr '18 
Director general’s problems. World’s Work 
35:352-4 F ’18 

Documents and statistics pertinent to current 
railroad problems. C. H. Crennan and W. E. 
Warrington. Ann Am Acad 76:272-81 Mr '18 
Federal control of railroads in war time. M. 

Thelen. Ann Am Acad 76:14-24 Mr ’18 
First steps in government operation. Outlook 
118:83 Ja 16 ’18 

Government and the railroads. L. Grahame. 

Pan Am M 26:220-1 F ’18 
Government and the railroads. J. B. Walker. 

il Sci Am 118:314-15 Ap 6 '18 
Government as railway manager. T: H. Price. 

Outlook 119:551-2; 120:19-22 Ag 7, S 4 '18 
Government control and railway finance. 

Outlook 118:71 Ja 9 '18 
Government control of railroads. J Pol Econ 
26:91-2, 412-13 Ja, Ap *18 
Government control of railroads. Public 21: 
1260-1 O 5 '18 

Government control of transportation. J Pol 
Econ 26:307-9 Mr '18 

Government forced to take the railroads. Lit 
Digest 56:7-8 Ja 5 '18 

Government operation. R. L. Barnum. Nation 
106:72-3 Ja 17 '18 

Government operation of American railroads. 

C. Thorne. Ann Am Acad 76:84-110 Mr '18 
Government operation of the railways. Out¬ 
look 118:10 Ja 2 '18 

Government operation of the railways: has it 
come to stay? T. H. Price. Outlook 118: 
102-7 Ja 16 '18 

Lo! the poor passenger. Bellman 24:119 F 2 
'18 


Making the most of railway control. New Re¬ 
pub 13:298-300 Ja 12 '18 
Million government railway men. Survey 39: 
399 Ja 5 '18 


National control of utilities. Ind 93:9 Ja 5 
'18 

New railway era. Outlook 118:519-20 Ap 3 
18 


No free transportation. Ind 93:167-8 F 2 'IS 
Our railroads under government control. 

R. V. Wright. World’s Work 36:293-7 JI '18 
Problem of railroad finance. L. Criscuolo. Ind 
95:432 S 28 '18 


Publicity and the railroads. Public 21:782-4 
Je 22 '18 


Putting government to work. Public 21:75-6 
Ja 18 '18 

Railroad administration to date. W. Weyl. 

New Repub 17:43-4 N 9 '18 
Railroad contract. R. L. Barnum. Nation 107: 
78 Jl 20 '18 

Railroad control becomes self-sustaining. Lit 
Digest 59:79 O 5 '18 

Railroad security issues under government 
operation. T: Conway, jr. Ann Am Acad 76: 
111-20 Mr '18 


Railroads after the war. World’s Work 35: 
474-5 Mr '18 


Railroads under government control. Cur 
Hist M, N Y Times 7,pt2:248-53 F '18 
Railroads under government control. R. L. 
Barnum. Nation 106:368-70 Mr 28 '18 


14 


Specimen Entry from 
Readers’ Guide under the word Poems 


Poems —Continued 

Age. D. Moore. Bookm. 56:70 S '22; Same. Cur 
Opinion 73:657 N '22 

Ah Gabriel. W. Welles. Bookm 55:189 Ap '2u 

Aileen, G. Haste. Poetry 19:200 F ’22 

Alan dead. E. Maschwitz, Eiv Age 314:614 
S 2 ’22 

Albert memorial. H. Wolfe. Cur Opinion 73: 
656 N ’22 

Alchemist. L. Bogan. New Repub 29:370 P 
22 ’22 

Alien. S. M. Gregory. Sunset 49:36 J1 '22 

All for the game. J. M. Martin. Educa 42:295 
Ja ’22 

All in all. B. Carman. Ladies’ H J 39:121 Ja 
’22 

All roads lead to Rome. L: Grudin. Poetry 
20:306 S ’22 

Almond tree. S. G. Tallents. Cur Opinion 
72:110 Ja ’22 

Alone on the hill. F: R. McCreary. Poetry 
19:257 P ’22 

Always and always. R. Harwood. Poetry 19: 
312-13 Mr ’22 

Ambassadors of grief. C. Sandburg. Bookm 
55:151 Ap ’22 

Amber from Egypt. A. K. Gray. Asia 21:992 
D ’21 

Ambrose Alwaysright. G. Dearmer. Liv Aga 
313:123 Ap 8 ’22 

America. C. McKay. Lit Digest 75:33 O 28 ’22 

America to Ireland. C: H. Towne. Delin 101:6 


S ’22 

American citizen’s creed. E. Curran. Educa 
42:189 N ’21 

Americans. R. W. Kauffman. Survey 49:173 N 
1 ’22 

Amiens. D. C. McArthur. Canad M 58:412 Mr 
’22 

An ancient to ancients. T: Hardy, il Cent 104: 
52-4 My ’22; Same. Lit Digest 73:38 My 13 
’22 

Anathema. G: S. Bryan. Bookm 56:179 O ’22 
And now at sunset. R. S. Hillyer. New Repub 
32:215 O 25 ’22 

And now these jonquils. D: Morton. Cur 
Opinion 72:818 Je ’22 

—and repeat. K. Harris. Sat Eve Post 194:35 
My 20 ’22 

Anguish. S. B. Kinsolving. Poetry 20:307 S 
’22 

Annie’s in the library mending books. Pub 
Libraries 27:28 Ja ’22 

Another epitaph. Liv Age 312:182 Ja 21 22 

Another spring. J. A. Galahad. No Am 216: 

208 Ag ’22 ^ ^ . rro 

Answer to a plea. H. Mullins. Cur Opinion 73. 

244 Ag ’22 

Answered. A. W. Peach. Munsey 75:104 F ’22 
Antagonists. L. Binyon. Liv Age oll:492 N 

Anticipations. Liv Age 312:734 Mr 25 ’22; 

Same. Lit Digest 73:40 Ap 8 22 ,,..074 

Antique shop. A. Johnson, il Scrib M 71.374 
1\'I r *22 

Antonins Stradiuarius Cremonenlis. faciebat 
anno MCVIIXII. H. Davis. Poet Lore 33:308- 
16 Te ’22 

Anzacs’ reply. R. C. Macfie. Liv Age 315:428 
T'J 18 ’22 

Apathy. H. Hall..New I^epub 31^61 Ag 23 ’22 
Apocalypse. L. Simmons. Gath World 115.323 
Ip ’22 

Apology of genius. M. Loy. Dial 73:73-4 J1 ’22 
Apple and flm. C. C. Wilson. Cur Opinion 
71 *800 D ’21 

ApplG'blossom town. H. Conkling. Cur Opinion 
78‘657 N ’22 

Appie trees. D: Cecil. Liv Age 313:58 Ap 1 
*22 

Apprentice. R. J. Roe. Poetry 21:87 N 22 
Approaching spring. J. Upper. Poet Lore 33. 
ISl IMr ’22 

April and I. V. Watson. Harper 144:646 Ap 
’22 

April in the woodland. J: A. Adams. Munsey 
75:518 Ap ’22 

April mortality. L. Adams. New Repub 28: 
378 N 23 ’21 

April rains. G: D. Bond. Cur Opinion 73:528 
O ’22 

April snow. P. Andelson. Poetry 19:134 D ’21 
April Sundays. A. Hare. Atlan 129:520 Ap 22 


Aquatint framed in gold. A. Lowell. Nation 
114:687 Je 7 ’22; Same. Lit Digest 73:33 Je 
24 ’22 

Are you afraid? G. H. Conkling. Yale R n 3 
11:378-9 Ja ’22 

Armistice. C: B. Going. Lit Digest 71:36 N 
26 ’21 

Armistice day, 1918-1921. E. B. Jordan. Lit 
Digest 71:35 N 12 ’21 

Around the bend. E. B. Holway. Forum 68:605 
J1 ’22 

Arpeggio. W. Waldron. Poetry 19:138 D ’21 
Arrogant poet to his lady. O. C. Moore. Mun¬ 
sey 76:296 J1 ’22 

Ars Egyptica. E. W. Underwood, il Int Studio 
76:108-10 N ’22 

Artisan. V. W. Mackall. Nation 114:318 Mr 15 
’22 

Artist whim. C: W. Stork. Bookm 56:100 S 
’22 

Artistic nature. J: H. D. Blanke. Art and 
Archaeol 12:204 N ’21 

Artist’s signature. E. M. Thomas. Lit Di¬ 
gest 71:31 D 24 ’21 

As rivers of water in a dry place. A. De Bary. 

Liv Age 312:734 Mr 25 ’22 
As she passes. H. Hall. Outlook 132:55 S 13 
’22 

As to art. T. Robinson. Cur Opinion 72:110 
Ja ’22 

Ascension. R: Church. Liv Age 315:56 O 7 ’22 
Ask not one another. C. Cranston. Atlan 130: 
515 O ’22 

Asked of my age. Mrs S. Van Rensselaer. 
Harper 144.:174 Ja ’22 

At dusk. E. Hamilton-Fellows. Liv Age 311: 
554 N 26 ’21 

At dusk. F. L. Montgomery. Munsey. 75:333 
Mr ’22 

At eventide. E. Hickey. Cath World 116:222 
N ’22 

At O’Neill’s Point, Grand canyon of Arizona. 
Poetry 20:189-90 J1 ’22 

At star-rise. A. N. Choyce. Liv Age 314:304 
J1 29 ’22 

At sunrise. F. A. Faunce. Cath World 115:397 
Je ’22 

At sunset. A. Arnold. Good H 74:32 Mr ’22 
At the grave of Pauline Johnson. G. S, 
Smith, il Canad M 58:98 D ’21 
At the hospital for the insane. L. Speyer. 
Poetry 20:309 S ’22 

At the play. R. F. Eliot. Munsey 75:657 My 
’22 

At times a vision—. H. Kemp. Munsey 74: 
422 D ’21 

At Versailles. E. Coatsworth. Poetry 20:130 
Je ’22 

At Versailles. A. B. Leigh. Poet Lore 33:156 
Mr ’22 

Atavism. C. Y. Rice. Cur Opinion 72:536 Ap 
'22 

Atlas. J. B. Sloan. Cent 103:956 Ap ’22 
Atonement. A. Kilmer. Lit Digest 71:32 D 17 
’21 

Attack; tr. from the French. A. LamandS. 
Poet Lore 33:474 S ’22 

Attar of roses. N: Breton. Munsey 75:268 Mr 
’22 

Attention! O. T. Dargan. Atlan 129:217 F 
’22 

Aubade. R. Carnevali. Poetry 19:140-1 D ’21 
Aubade; tr. from the French. V: Hugo. Lit 
Digest 72:48 F 11 ’22 

August night. E. M. Roberts. Poetry 20:260 
Ag ’22 

Auld Reekie, parting. C: M. Purdy. Forum 
66:521 D ’21 

Autumn. A. L. Bolton. Overland n s 80:14 N 
’22 

Autumn. F. Rios. Poetry 21:79 N ’22 
Autumn. E. M. Roberts. Poetry 20:258-9 Ag 
’22 

Autumn chant. E. St V. Millay. Yale R 
n s 12:56-7 O ’22; Same. Lit Digest 75:42 O 
14 ’22 

Autumn colors. H. Kemp. Munsey 77:192 O ’22 
Autumn idyl. D. H. Verder. Educa 42:144 N 
’21 

Autumn rain. P. Andelson. Poetry 19:133 D 
’21 

Autumn road. M. E. Sangster. Sat Eve Post 
195:162 N 11 ’22 


16 


Cumulation of Books 


The illustration below is inserted to show that books are listed under author, 
title and subject on a cumulative plan. Notice that the last volume, which is a 
very small one, is called Cumulatioe Book Index. Under this title new books are 
listed each month; the lists are frequently cumulated. 

The price and publisher of each book is indicated. A list of publishers is given 
at the back. 

What is the title of the large volumes? 

The authors, subjects, and titles of books published between what years appear 
in the second large volume? 

What years are covered by the next volume? 

Books which were in print at what date are listed in the first volume? 

Probably only librarians are interested in the fact that these catalogues give 
the number under which the Library of Congress files the catalogue card for each 
book. Such cards are needed for a card catalogue, and they should be ordered 
by number. 


Illustration of Cumulation by Years of 

Books 



16 


















Questions for 
Periodical Literature 


Note:—-A^ umtera in margin al right of questions below, give values on scale of 100%. 

1 — a. With what year does the Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature begin? 


b. What index covers magazine literature for the 19 th century?.2 each = 10 

2 ~“What word is used to indicate that monthly and yearly issues of the Wilson indexes are 
gathered together in one alphabet at certain intervals?.=5 

3 —Read the following entry which is taken from the Readers’ Guide: 

Muir, John in his laboratory—Alaska. 

S. H. Young, il por World Outl 4 : 6-7 My ’18 


a. Whose work in Alaska does the article describe? Who wrote the article? 

b. How is the title of the magazine abbreviated in its second word? 

c. Where, in the Readers’ Guide, could the full name of the magazine be found? 

d. In what volume of the “World Outlook” does the article appear? 

e. The article begins on what page? Ends on what page? What does “il” mean? 

f. What abbreviation indicates that a portrait of John Muir appears? 

g. In what month of what year was the article published? Is the day of the month 

indicated? 

h. When the day of a month is given in a reference, does the magazine publish one or 

more than one issue per month? 

i. Under what two 'proper names would the article be indexed as subjects'^ 


j. Under what word would the author of the article be indexed?. 4 each = 40 

4 — When large subjects are subdivided in the Guide under both topics and countries, which are 

entered first?. =3 

5 — Which of the Wilson publications indexes: 


a. Magazines devoted especially to business and industrial interests? 

b. Magazines relating to agricultural subjects? 

c. Under what title does this firm condense reviews of current books?... .6 each = 18 

6 — Selections from what important publications, not magazines, are made by the Wilson Company 

for most of their indexes to current periodical literature?. =7 

7 — Could magazine articles be found through Poole’s Index for each of the following subjects? 

a. Sub-marine boats b. Christmas c. Shakespear d. Lincoln e. Moving 
pictures ..2 each=10 

8 — Could references on each of the subjects indicated in question 7 be found in the Readers’ 

Guide?. =5 

= 2 


9 —Is Poole’s Index of service for general reference work on current events? 










Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required Feature of the Regular English Course 

Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicate its value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, students are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate for passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work in the library pamphlet for that course has been completed, 
the fact will be established in the student’s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference books to be as neces¬ 
sary as is training in other educational lines. 




Reference Guides 

* 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 




By 

Florence M. Hopkins 

Librarian 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 


yi 


This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Commercial Guides 


THIRD EDITION 


> > ^ 5 

> ^ i 


PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 

REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 


O \/ 


; / 























Copyright 1923 
h 

FLORENCE M. HOPKINS 







The pamphlet on Webster s New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionary. 

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword, on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 173^ cents each 
plus carriage, from 


THE WILLARD COMPANY, 
dOl West Fort Street, 

DETROIT, MICH. 








/ 


/ 


NOTE: Arrangements have been made between The G. & C. Mernam Co. and the Willard Co. by means 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New International dictionary can be sold much more cheaply than can the lessons on 
miscellaneous reference books. It is hoped that this plan will make it possible for schools to adopt at once the dictionary 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the first term of hieh school English work, and the other pamphlets later. 




F ore word 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference Guides That Should be Known and 
How to Use which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for 

high and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 

List of Pamphlets in the Series 
Graded to correspond with High School English Courses 

English 1—WehsteTs New International Dictionary. 

English 2—Parts of a book: Concordances. 

English 3 — Encyclopaedias. 

English 4—Library classification and card catalogue. 

English 6 — Year-books. 

English 6—Indexes to periodical literature. 

English 7—Commercial guides. 

English 8—Government publications: city, state, and federal. 

It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools, club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes of failure in the freshman college year: four statements were 
formulated, one of which reads as follows: “Students should be trained to use 
ordinary means of securing information, such as: the table of contents, the index, 
the dictionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readers’ Guide to Periodical 
Literature, the newspaper, the informational magazine.” It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 
badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools, each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 
graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 
it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
class work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 

According to the library code for capitalization all words in a title begin with 
a lower case letter instead of with a capital, except the first word, proper nouns, 
and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Certain specimen pages will show 
that some publishers follow this code. 


The following paragraphs are taken from the 
Foreword of the First Edition 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
‘‘Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,” from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.” 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

. . . Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 

and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. 

Every new student should be required to take 
some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 


Commercial Guides 


One usually thinks of reference work as being confined to a search for infor- 
mation on some scholarly subject; it is, however, sometimes quite as necessary 
to find the publisher of a newspaper, or the manufacturer of a typewriter, as it is 
to find the date of the birth of Shakespeare. 

The number of reference books for business purposes is larger than the aca¬ 
demic student is apt to realize. Many commercial guides relate to purely technical 
fields, and are used only by those whose interests require them. Those to be 
studied in the following pages are of a general nature, and give a comprehen¬ 
sive idea of the kind of information which can be found in commercial lines. 


Laws of Business 

Though only a lawyer knows the details of legal transactions, every one should 
know something about the forms and the requirements relating to ordinary 
business relationships, such as the drawing up of contracts, the formation of 
partnerships, the giving or taking of a mortgage, and other general legal in¬ 
formation. A reliable book which has been prepared by a Harvard University 
professor of commercial law for just such needs, is: 

Parsons; Laws of Business. Doran, New York 


City and State Directories 
City Directories 

A telephone directory or a city directory is simply a business reference book. 

Many people do not realize the amount of information contained in a city 
directory, which is usually classified under four main sections, as follows; 

1. Miscellaneous information^ giving such points as: location of schools, 
hospitals, city offices, churches. This section is usually placed at the front of 
the directory and is preceded by an index. 

2. Residents of the city, giving surnames in alphabetical order. This con¬ 
stitutes the main part of the directory. 

3. Street and avenue guide, giving streets in alphabetical order, sub-arranged 
by house numbers; streets intersecting between numbers are indicated. 

4. Business directory, giving the name of a business or a profession, in alpha¬ 
betical order, as: grocers, druggists, lawyers, dentists. 


3 


Miscellaneous Information in a City Directory 

A specimen entry from the directory of the city of Washington, D. C., is given 
in the first and second columns on the opposite page. This directory does not 
require a special page for Index to miscellaneous information as the Table of 
contents answers the purpose. Consult the entry under the Table of contents and 
tell on which pages in the directory one could find where the following are located 
in Washington: 

Churches; Health Department; Art Galleries 

Street and Avenue Guide in City Directory 

Following the names of residents in a city directory, the names of the streets 
and avenues are given in alphabetical order. Under them, the house numbers 
are given in numerical order, and cross streets are indicated where they intersect. 

Consult the specimen entry from the Street and avenue guide and notice that 
the section of Pennsylvania avenue referred to is ^^n w”, meaning north west. 
Answer the following questions: 

Which street intersects Pennsylvania Avenue just above 1200? 

What business is located at 1107? 

Which street intersects just below. 1300? 

What building is located at the corner of Thirteen and One-half street and 
Pennsylvania Ave? What office is in room 2? What office is in room 3? 

State Gazetteers 

For many states a gazetteer is published which gives information for the 
towns in the state corresponding to that given for cities in city directories. In 
some, but not in all of these state gazetteers, miscellaneous information regarding 
the state as a whole is given at the front, such as: state boards, state institutions, 
state officials. The main part of a state gazetteer is taken up with an alpha¬ 
betical list of the towns in the state, giving a brief description of each, the 
population, and an alphabetical list of important residents. At the back of 
the gazetteer, a business directory is given, arranged alphabetically under the 
name of the business or profession, and sub-arranged alphabetically by towns. 

The upper section of column three, on the opposite page, is taken from an 
Indiana State Gazetteer. A description of Bloomington, a town of 12,000 inhabi¬ 
tants, is given, followed by a few surnames under Read the description 

of the town and then answer questions 1 and 2. 

1: Bloomington has how many banks? 

2: How many newspapers are published there? 

3: In what business is Mrs. A. G. Allen engaged? 

4: In what business is 0. L. Barton engaged? 

The lower part of the column, illustrates the business section of this gazetteer 
under Grocers, retail. Notice that the names of the towns at the right are 
in alphabetical order. Under Bloomington find 0. L. Barton. Are the names 
of the other grocers in Bloomington in alphabetical order? Name a grocer in 
Blanford. 


4 



specimen Entries from a 
City Directory of Washington, D. C 


Specimen Entries from an 
Indiana State Gazetteer 


Table of Contents 


Street and Avenue 
Guide 


Main Entries; Under Towns 


Page 


jkBBREVIATIONS ... 

Agricultural Department . 

A^rfmeiit Houses ... 

Art Galleries . 

Asylums, Infirmaries, etc--- 

Banks and Trust Companies. 

Bar Association . 

B P O Elks. 

Building Associations .. 

Bureau of Education .. 

Bureau of Engraving and Printing.. 
Bureau of Public Health and Marine 

Hospital Service .. 

Business Associations .. 

BUSINESS DIRECTORY .... *. 

Catholic Benevolent Societies. 

Cemeteries .. :.....> . 

Charitable Societies ... 

Churches ... 

Circuit Court.... • • • • 

Citizens Associations. 

Civil Service Commission... 

Clubs ... 

Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

Colleges and Universities... 

Commissioners D C. 

CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTORY.... 

Congressional Library .. 

Corcoran Gallery of Art... 

Court of Appeals, D C. 

Dental Associations ..... 

Detmrtment of Commerce. 

Department of Justice... 

Department of Labor... 

Diplomatic Corps.. 

DIRECTORY OF NAVIES..'... 

Dispensaries.. *. 

District of Columbia Judiciary. 

Eagles ...... 

Executive Departments ... 

Fire Department ... 

Foreign Legations ... 

F9resters ..... 

General Land Office. 

Geological Survey .. 

Government of. the D C. 

Government of the United States..'. • 

Government Parks . 

Government ,P’*iiitlng Office.. . ... 

Grand Army of the Republic. 

Halls... 

Health Department . 

Hibernians ..... 

Homes, Hospitals, Asylums, etc. 

House of Representatives.... 

Index to Advertisements. 

Indian Office . 

Insane Asylum . 

Insurance Companies. 

Interior Department . 

Interstate Commerce Commission... 

I O of Odd Fellovf'S..... 

?«*thmlan Canal Commission. 

Kll<ihny . 1 -.. 


101 

28 

1856 

:i8 

61 

38 

68 

83 

41 
36 
18 

20 

42 
1853 

.42 

44 

44 

45 

33 

55 

32 

56 
31 

57 

34 
89 
68 
38 

33 
61 

30 
28 

31 
17 
95 
61 
.33 
83 
17 

35 
17 

' 82 
27 
27 

34 
17 
88 

34 
73 
88 

35 

85 
61 

86 
14 
27 

64 

65 

27 

28 
81 

32 


Pennsylvania At nw 


1101 Retail Merchants Assn 
“ Duplicator Co The 
“ Fracker Willard, mfrs 
agt.. 

1107 Galt «& Bro. jewelers 
1109-11 Grosner Clarence W, 
men’s furngs 
1113 Mandes Louis, restr 
n e cor Raleigh Hotel , 

“ Myers Melvin E, barber 
“ R(wal Blue Line Sight- 
Seeing Co 

Twelfth intersects 

1200 Vacant 

1201 Davis Jas-Y & Sons, hats 
“ Dick Edw H, hotel agt 

“ Evans. Wilbur E, dentist 

1202 Washington-Yirginia By 

Station y 

“ Clift Amos P, cigars 
“ Washington-Virginia Ey 
Co 

1203 Vacant 

1204 Lepreux Augustus jr, real 

state 

“ National Assn Stationary 
Engineers 

1205 Edmonston C R, glasswr 

1206 Mt Vernon Cafe Co 

1208 Hotel West 

“ Wilson Lila W 

1209 Internal Revenue Dept 

1210 Stone & Poole, druggists 

1211 Haas I & Co, tailors 

1212 Hodges Richd B, cigars 

1213 Vacant 

1214 Bromwell J E Sons, plat* 

1215 Vacant 

1216 Dade Moses H, testr 

1217 Natl Token Shop 

1218 Oujeval Albert, tchr lan¬ 

guages 

1219 Klein B W, shoe repr 
1220-22 Vacant 

1221 Vacant 

1223 Portner Jos, mens furngs 

1224 Standiford Harry, cigars 

1225 Richards Fountain Pen 

and Gift Shop 

1226 Turner Wm H, barber 
“ Willers Wm 

1227 Washington Lunch 

1228 Mann Wm E,, shooting 

gallery 

1229 Natl Remembrance Shop 

1230 De Atley Wm, pool 
“ Dove M W. cabtmkr 

1231 Model Clothes Shop 

1232 Sou Auto Supply Co (hr) 

1233 Vacant 

1234 Cunningham Plumbing 

Supply Co 

1235 United Cigar Stores Co 

1236 Heidenheimer Elias. 

pawnbroker 

“ Held Benj, diamond ex¬ 
pert 

“ Hoff Alvin, lawyer 
“ Hartstall Leon Mrs 
1237' Ogram Thos, E, druggist 
1238 Auto. Car Sales '& Serv¬ 
ice Co (inc) 

Thirteenth Intersects 
1300-20 Southern Ry Co offices 
Thirteen and One half 
intersects 

.s s MK.nIclpal Building 

Rooms: • 

2 Dept of Playgrounds & 

Office of Boy Scouts 
of America 

3 Firci Dept Headquarters 
“ Fire Marshal 


BLOOMINGTON 

A- city of 12,00 population, located 
in Bloomington and Perry townships. 
Monroe county, on C. I. & L. and I. C. 
It. R.’s, and is the county seat. There 
are 4 banks, 2 newspapers, the “Tele¬ 
phone” and “World-Courier.” The In¬ 
diana State University is located here 
and there are graded and high public 
schools. There are 13 churches repre¬ 
senting the leading religious denon^ina 
tions. The leading Inaustries are 
oolitic limestone, gloves, creosoted ties, 
furniture, etc. The city has water 
works and electric light system and a 
good sewage system, also 6 miles of 
paved streets. The chamber of com¬ 
merce is an organization which is ac¬ 
tive in advancing the interests of the 
city, its progress and its industries. 
Exp., Am. Tel., W. U. Oscar Cravens, 
postmaster. 

Adams T, meats 
Akin Raymond A, physician 
Akin Wm, mens furngs 
Allen A G Mrs, genl ins 
Ault Bros (Dory L and Samuel N), 
garage 

Axsiom & Hendrix, 2d-hd goods 
AXTELL harry A, Attorney-at-Law, 
Real Estate, Insurance, Investments, 
Loans, Etc, East Side Public Square 
Baldwin Piano Co, Ed Williams agt 
Barrow H R, undertaker 
Barton O L, grocer 
Batman Fred H, pnysician 


Business Entries 

Grocers—Retail 


Wells Walter 


Whittaker Ottawa 

4 % 

Clem Cyrus 

Blanford 

Lanzoni Martin ‘ 

44 

Lundwell G F 

4 $ 

Calvert E O 

Bloomfield 

Chaney Charles 


Edington & Knapp 


Flater J B 

44 

Inman J T 

44 

McLaughlin A W 

44 

Stalcup Glenn 


Goham & Davis 

Bloomingdalo 

Barton O L 

Bloomington 

Bender F M 

4 < 

Blakely Horace 

44 

Blakely W O & Sons 

4 4 

Bowles H H 

4 4 

Brown L J 

44 

Buffalo Allen 

44 

Clark George 

44 

Clark W S 

4 • 

Collins & Seidle 

4 4 

Cooper J H 

44 

Gillispie G P (R P) 


Henin W L 

4 $ 

Johnston Wm 

4 4 

Kelley E A 


Kirby «& Norman 


McAninch W A 

44 

Miller W A 

40 

Moore Howard (R D) 

44 

Myers P S 

40 

Norris I A 


Ranard Rv L 

4 4 

Rhodes Mason 



5 








































































Information regarding the leading firms in the United States 

arranged under two headings: 


Alphabetically under the name of the business or of the article manufactured. 
Alphabetically under the name of the firm. 


1: Information arranged: 

Alphabetically under the Business or Article Manufactured. 

On the opposite page, a specimen entry is given from: 

Thomas: Register of American Manufacturers. 

The Thomas Register is a very large book of nearly 4000 pages. An exten¬ 
sive index includes the name of each article manufactured, and guides to the 
page which gives the firm’s name. Supplementary pages give an alphabetical 
list of leading firms. 

Consult the opposite page, at the top of the second column, and name a firm 
manufacturing hoot and shoe needles in South Framingham, Mass. What is the 
letter at the outer margin opposite the name? The capital letters following firm 
names indicate an estimation of the amount of money invested. About how 
much money is represented by the letter for this firm, according to the following 
classification which is given on the inside of the front cover of the register? 


AAAA 

over 

$1,000,000 

B 

over 

$50,000 

F over $2,500 

AAA 

(( 

500,000 

c 


25,000 

G 

“ 1,000 

AA 

u 

300,000 

D 


10,000 

H 

‘‘ 500 

A 

(( 

100,000 

E 

li 

5,000 

X no 

estimate 

A rating of “H,” in this Register, 
simply a firm with a small capital. 

does 

not mean an 

unrelia^ble 

firm, but 


Read the list of needles printed in heavy type. 

Give the exact address of a firm manufacturing hand sewing needles. 

Which firm, manufacturing crochet needles, has the largest capital invested? 

Under neckwear, notice that the states in which neckwear is manufactured 
are sub-arranged alphabetically. Is the capital estimated for the Artistic Neck¬ 
wear Co., New York City? (Note what ‘‘X” signifies in the above classification.) 

A book similar in plan to the Thomas Register is: 

Hendricks: Commercial Register of the United States. 


6 


A Specimen Entry from the Body of 
Thomas: Register of American Manufacturers 


PA.: SCRANTON: 

Electric City Silk Co. (Silk).. 

R. I.: PROVIDENCE: 

Anderson & Brant Co.. 129 Summer (Ladies’).P 
Hope Webbing Co., Inc. (Tubular Wash Ties) 

A A A A 

TENN.: CHATTANOOGA: 

Mason & Wingers. E 

WASH.: SEATTLE: 

Washington Neckwear Mfg. Co., Mutual Life 

Bldg.. 

WIS.: MILWAUKEE: 

Friedman. L., 326 B’way.C 

Scheftels & Simson Co., B. S., 353 E. Water..D 

NECKWEAR: KNIT. 

MASS.: SHELBURNE FALLS: 

Orange Knitting Co.A 

N. Y.: ALBANY: 

Stoneman. Geo. T. (Silk) .D 

N. Y.: BROOKLYN: 

Bernstein & Nichthauser (Knitted Neckties). 

381 Myrtle Ave.D 

Mayhew, Francis H., 397 Bridge.D 

N. Y.: NEW YORK CITY: 

Alden Mills, 346 Bway.p 

Artistic Neckwear Co., 79 E. 130th.X 

Church, Webb & Close, 20 W. 37th.P 

Colonial Mfg. Co. (Ladies’ Knit), 200 5th Ave.X 

Dorfman Bros.. 55 W 3d.D 

Franklin Knitting Mills, 511 E. 72d.D 

Glickman-Miller Co., 65 W. Houston.P 

Keys & Lockwood (Ties), 33 E, 17th.C 

Leinkram Knitting Mills, Harry N. (Men’s 

Ties), 88 Walker.E 

Samuels & Co., F. H. (Ties), 141 W. 36th.X 

Trabulski, N. & J., & Co.. 475 B’way.K 

Weber & Co., M., 79 Fifth Ave.E 

N. y.: WOODHAVEN: 

Nusbaum & Co., D. (Knitted Ties).A 

OHIO: CLEVELAND: 

Weisenberg-Guggenheim Co. (Knit), 224 High 

Ave.B 

PA.: HANOVER: 

O’Neill Silk Co. (Tubular Silk).X 

PA.: PHILADELPHIA: 

Belmont Mfg. Co., 1302 W. Columbia Ave. ...E 

Carney & McLaughlin, 1021 Callowhill .X 

Clark Mfg. Co. (Ties), Pastorius and Osceola, 

G’t’n .D 

Colonial Knitting Mills Co. (Silk Neckties), 

1011 Chestnut .E 

Edwards & Troth Co., 27 N. 10th .F 

Federal Knitting Co. (Silk Neckties), 1015 Dia¬ 
mond .D 

Glen Knitting Co. (Ties), 2d and Westmore¬ 
land .B 

Globe Knitting Mills, 27 S. 7th St.E 

Largman Bros. (Silk), 10th & Berks .C 

Largman, Oppenheim & Co. (Neckties), 428 

N. 18th .A 

Laurel Knitting Co. (Silk), 73 Laurel.C 

McCutcheon & Bro., T. P. (Silk), 1027 Arch...B 

Minoru Hosiery Mills (Neckties), 420 N. Mar¬ 
shall ..B 

Pioneer Knitting Mills, 40 N. 3d.E 

Quaker Knitting Co., 115 N, Carnac.P 

Sheplan & Sabul, 15th & Wallace.B 

Stein & Sondheimer, 112 N. 12th.C 

Tillver, Albert, & Co., 1221 Arch (Ladies’)-E 

United States Trimming Co. (Crocheted 

Neckties), 1410 6th .B 

WIS.: MILWAUKEE: 

Phoenix Knitting Works (Cotton, Wool. 
Worsted and Silk), 216 B’way.AA 


NECKYOKES (see Yokes: Neck). 
NEEDLES: MISCELLANEOUS. 

MASS.: SOMERVILLE: 

Patv Needle Co.E 

MASS.: WEST MEDWAY: 

United Awl & Needle Co.C 

N. J.: NEW BRUNSWICK: 

New Brunswick Needle Co.A 

N. Y.: NEW YORK CITY: 

BOKER, H., & CO., INC., Bway & 

AAA A 

DleckerhofC, Raffloer & Co., 564 B’way..AAAA 

Find & Co., A. (Imp.), 93 Chambers. A 

Greene, Frank P., 39 Broad......D 

Irving Mfg. Tool Co., 157 Chambers........X 

Lederer F. B., 71 Greene (International Needle 

Co.) ’. .“ 


NEEDLES: BOOT & SHOE. 

MASS.: HAVERHILL:—Keith, Irving L.F 

MASS.: SOUTH FRAMINGHAM: 

Long Machinery Co., R. H. A 

NEEDLES: BROOM MAKERS. 

CONN.: WATISRVII.I.IS: 

Berbecker & Rowland Mfg. Co.A 

MASS.: NORTH HADLEY: 

Dickinson & Son, C.D 

NEEDLES: CARPET. 

CONN.: WATERVILLE: 

Berbecker & Rowland Mfg. Co.A 

NEEDLES: COMBER. 

MASS.; BOSTON: 

Leigh & Butler. 232 Summer (Imptrs.).C 

MASS.: LOWELL: 

Bagshaw, W, H., Co.A 

N. J.: NEWARK: 

Crabb & Co., Wm., 3d, cor. 4th .A 

PA.: PHILADELPHIA: 

Hood Co., R. H., 1842 G't’n Ave.C 

R. L: PROVIDENCE: 

Bragg, John I., 24 Atwood.G 

Townsend, Tho^., 157 Orange.E 

R. L: WOONSOCKET: 

Woonsocket Comb Co.D 


NEEDLES: CROCHET. 


CONN.: CHESTER: 

BATES, C. J., & SON.B 

CONN.: DEEP RIVER: 

Potter & Snell .C 

CONN.: ESSEX: 


Tiley Pratt Co.C 

N. Y.: NEW YORK CITY: 

American Hard Rubber Co., 11 Mercer (Hard 

Rubber) .AAAA 

Brabant Needle Co., 47 Great Jones St....D 


NEEDLES: DARNING. 

CONN.: WATERVILLE: 

Berbecker & Rowland Mfg. Co.A 

NEEDLES: DENTISTS HYPODERMIC. 

N. Y.: NEW YORK CITY: 

Consolidated Dental Mfg. Co., 134 AVashing- 

ton PI.B 

OHIO: CLEVELAND: 

United States Dental Mfg. Co., 6505 Conrad 
Ave. D 


NEEDLES: DIPPING. 

WIS.: MILWAUKEE. 

White, David, Co., 421 E. Water— .D 

NEEDLES: ENGRAVING. 

N. Y.: NEW YORK CITY: 

SENEFELDER EITHO. STONE CO., 187 
Washington .B 

NEEDLES: FLOUR BAG. 

CAU: OAKLAND: 

Barr Bros. Co., Inc.B 

NEEDLES: HAND SEWING. 

ILL.: CHICAGO: 

Boye Needle Co., 4343 Ravenswood Ave.B 

NEEDLES: HARNESS. 

CONN.: WATERVILLE: 

Berbecker & Rowland Mfg. Co.A 


NEEDLES: HOSIERY (see also Needles, 
Knitting Machine). 

PA.: MONT CLARE: 

Mont Clare Needle Co.D 

NEEDLES: HYPODERMIC (see also Need¬ 


les, Dentists; also Syringes). 

MASS.; BOSTON: 

Randall-Faichney Co., 76 Atherton .X 

AVilson & Wilson .X 


.5422 


7 


.5423 











































































A book in two large volumes which gives the manufacturing firms of the worlds 


under the article manufactured is: 


Kelly: Merchants, Shippers and Manufacturers of the World. 
Information in this book is arranged, except for Britain and her possessions: 


1st. Under continents. 
2nd. Under countries. 


3rd. Under cities. 
4th. Under business. 


5th. Under firm names. 

At the front, a vocabulary of trade names in foreign languages refers to the 
English names. 

On the opposite page an entry from an index of this book is given. Of course 
the index for different years varies as business varies. Consult the entry and 
answer the following questions: 

On which page in the directory can the names of firms handling pencils in 
the following cities be found: Calcutta; Milan; Warsaw; Philadelphia? 

How many pearl button manufacturers are listed? 

In how many cities is peppermint oil manufactured? 

Under paving tile, how many cities are listed? 

Which is the larger industry, perfumery manufacturing, or the manufacturing 
of baby carriages (perambulators)? 

How can one tell that the list of cities manufacturing perfumery is not com¬ 
pleted on this page? 

2; Information arranged: 

Alphabetically Under the Name of the Firm. 

Three leading publications are issued yearly which give business statistics 
under the names of the firms: 

Moody s Investment Rating Book Service (Explained on pages 10-11.) 

U large volumes; Industrials; Public Utilities; Government Bonds; Railroads. 

Poors Publishing Company—3 large volumes. 


Industrials 


Public Utilities 


Railroads 


Manual of Statistics—1 volume. This book condenses, into one volume, quite 
similar information for a fewer number of firms. 


8 


A Specimen Entry from the Index of 
Kelly: Merchants, Shippers and Manufacturers of the World 


Westport 

- 271 

Wheeling . 

- 1822 

Windsor - 

- 272 

Winnipeg- 

- 287 

Winona - 

- 1825 

Winston-Salem 

- 1826 

Yarmouth 

r 282 

Yonkers - 

- 1828 

Ypsilauti - 

- 1829 

Patent Solicitors :- 


Hamilton - 

- 236 

Montreal - 

- 247 

Toronto - 

- 268 

Vancouver 

- 291 

Winnipeg - 

- 287 

Pat^s de Chartres 

• 

• 

Chartres - 

- 512 

Pat^s de Foies Gras :— 

Paris 

682 

Schiltigheim 

899 

Stra>sburg 

• 9130 

Toulouse - 

' 607 

Pattern Card Makers :— 

Aaohen—A.ix - la 


Chapelle 

- 637 

Berlin 

663 

Pattern Makers :— 


Chicago 

1577 

Detroit 

1606 

Hanover (Pa.) 

1625 

Milwaukee 

• 1662 

New Glasgow 

280 

Rochester (N.Y.) 

1773 

Pattern Makers’ Supplies : 

Dresdou 

- 70S 

Pavement Light Mfre. :— 

London 

2258 

Brussels 

441 

Paris 

582 

Philailelphia 

1752 

Sydney 

120 

Paving Companies 

— 

Guelph 

- 235 

Kansas City 

- 1639 

Mellwume 

146 

New York 

1721 

Newark (N. J.) 

1671 

Oklahoma City 

1738 

Simcoe 

260 

Topeka 

- 1814 

Paving Tile Manufotrs.— 

See also Tile 

Manu- 

facturers—Paving:— 

London 

- 2206 

Provinces- 

2828 

Aubagne - 

. 496 

Brazil 

- 1548 

Brescia 

967 

Edwardsville - 

- 1610 

Galesburg 

- 1619 

Ghent 

- 415 

Huntington (W. Va.)1631 

Maastricht 

- 934 

Mai onado 

-2022y 

Namur 

- 454 

Pisa 

- P)05 

Streator 

- 1808 

Touruai 457 & 458 

Treviso 

- 1015 

Pea-Soup Sausages 

• 

• 

H**!! rrorin- 

- 787 

Peanut Dealers:- 


Cambridge City 

- 1660 

Clevelanrl - 

- 1590 

New York 

- 1721 

Norfolk - 

- 1736 

Oaklaii-. - 

- 1737 

Paris (Tex.) 

- 1741 

Peoria 

- 1744 

Petersburg 

- 1745 

.San i'rancisco - 

- 1794 

Texarkana 

- 1812 


Peanut Butter Manfre.: 
NatK'k ... 16G8 
New v\'ostiniinter - *i8:t 
Peanut Roaster & Vending’ 
Wagon Manufrs.:— 
Cineimiati - • loS.') 

Pearl Beads:— 

Vienna • - 3s8 

Pearl Cutters 
Mar ... 7P2 

Nixdnrf ... 365 
Pearl Iterohanta—See ano 
Precious Stone Dlrs.:— 
DroooM ’' •' 


Kursk . . .1131 

Menomonie - - 1658 

Mohileff-o.-Dniepr - 1133 
Mohileff-o.-Dni^tr - 1133 
Morschansk - - 1133 

Pensa - . . 1147 

Poltawa - . . 1153 

Szombatbely - - 424 

Wormerveer - - 946 

Worouesch - .1167 

Zaaixlam ... 947 
Pearl Button Manufrs.: 
La 0; ossc - . . 1642 

Moline ... 1664 
Musiiatiue- - 166 ; 

Peekskill - - - 1743 

Pearl Goods Manufrs. 
Neuukirchon - am - 
Stciiirplde . 364 

New York . - 1721 

Providence - - 1766 


Pearl Handle & Scale Cut¬ 
ters— See Cutlery 


Szeged 

• 

• 

423 

Pepper Plantations 

■ 

• 


Coimbatore 



23 

Dnmbiira - 


• 

51 

Gallc- 


• 

62 

Hantane - 


• 

59 

Mysore 


• 

36 

P*uak 


• 

335 

Sabaug 



952 

Sebattik - 



303 

Wattegama 



55 

Wynaad - 


- 

44 

Peppermint Manufrs. 

• 

• 

Lyons 

• 

• 

539 

Paris - 


• 

582 

St. Etienne 


• 

600 

Saint Ouen 

• 

• 

589 


Peppermint (Oil of) Mfrs.: 

KalanDazoo - - 1637 

Mishawaka - - 1663 

Newark (N. T.) - 1672 

Yokoliama - - 1421 

Perambulator Manufrs.— 


Pearlers 

Broome liO 

Onslow - . I. - 3 . 

Thursday Island . 171 

Pebble Flints Mers. 

.\rnstadt- - - 612 

Copenhagen 474 

Dieppe ' 516 

Jemappes 442 

Le Treport . - 530 

Villentrois- - - 612 

Peels (Lemon, Orange & 
Citron) in Brine:— 
Bastia - - - 613 

Messina 1027 

Palermo 1029 

Syracusa ... 1029 
Pen & Penholder Manu¬ 
facturers — See Steel 
Pen & Penholder Mnfrs. 
Pencil Importers :— 

Osaka - - - 1410 

Pencil Manufacturers :— 


Loudon 

- 2259 

.Provinces 

- 2938 

Altheide 

867 

Broach 

13 

Budweis 

345 

Calcutta 

19 

Copenhagen 

476 

Delhi 

24 

Freibefg 

733 

Fiirth 

735 

Givet 

522 

Hamburg (slate; 

777 

Jersey City 

1636 

Mahrisch. Neustadt 

362 

Milan 

994 

Moscow 

1140 

Munich 

834 

New York- 

1710 

Niirnberg (slate) 

. 845 

Oeslau (slate) - 

847 

Paris- 

582 

Philadelphia - 

1750 

Probstzella (slate) 

856 

Regensburg 

858 

Riga - 

1156 

Stein 

874 

Steiiiach - 

874 

SzArazvani- 

423 

Turin 

1015 

Vaso (slate) 

3.: 

Vienna 

400 

Vysocan - 

3 )3 

Warsaw - 

1190 

Zagreb 

425 

Pencil (Lead & Colored) 

Manufacturers :- 


Niinilrerg - 

- 844 

Pencil Case Manufrs.:— 

London 

- 2259 

Provinces - 

29 .8 

Muriasehein 

. 363 

New York 

1721 

Nilrnberg - 

- 844 

Prague 

- 372 


Pencil Machinery Mfre. :— 

New Yo k - - 1721 


Nurnberg- - - 844 
Saginaw - - - 1777 

Pencil Sharpener Manfrs: 

New York- - * - 1721 

Pendant Manufaotrs. :— 


See also Baby Carriage 
Manufrs. ; lUso Child¬ 
ren’s Cart & Carriage 
Manufacturers:— 


Loudon - 2259 

Provinces - 2938 

Ansbach 641 

Auckland - 194 

Bozkov - . 367 

Brattleboro’ - 1548 

Christchurch - - 198 

Deynze - 443 

Eilenhurg - - 717 

Finsterwalde - - 724 

Hamm - - 730 

Hobart - - - 176 

Krai Viuohrady - 40 '> 
Lenzburg ... 1349 
Lichtenfels - - 813 

Lieguitz - 813 

Mahno -■ 1266 

Melbourne • - 146 

Milwaukee - - 1661 

Murgenthal - - 1351 

Nymegeu - - 935 

Oederau - - 847 

Paris - - 682 

Pefth - - - 185 

Rothenburg - ob - der- 
Tauber ... 863 
Sydney - - - 120 

Tilburg - - 944 

Tours . - - 609 

Troyes - - - 609 

Utrecht ... 945 
Vienna - - . 400 

Wellington - - 217 

Zeitz ... 81)3 

Perborate of Soda Mfrs.: 

Provinces- - - 2938 

Percussion Cap Mfrs. ;— 
London ... 2259 
Provinces - - 2933 

Barmen - 617 

Lajta-Ujfalu - - 423 

Prague - - - 372 

Riga- - 1156 

Vieuna ... 400 

Voslau - - 405 

Perforated Plate Mfrs. :— 

Aachen — AJx - la - 
Ohapelle - • 637 

Chicago • - 1578 

Cologne - . - 693 

Cologne-Kalk - - 69) 

Hanover - - • 784 

Leiuzig - - 810 

Maubeuge- - - 649 

Munich ... 834 

New York - - 1721 

Prague - - - 373 

Raguliu - - 857 

Saint-Di6 - - - 5 9 

Siegcu-oii-the-Siog - 870 

Perforating Machine 
Manufacturers :— 

London . . - 2259 

Provinces... 2938 
Berlin - - - 663 

Leipzig - - - 811 

Paris * 582 

Perforators—Metal — See 


also Metal Purforatorst - 
Frankfort • on - the - 


Perfumery M&nufotrs.— 


See also Bau de Cologne: 


London 

- 2259 

Provinces - 

- 29S8 

Isle of Man 

- 3078 

Almeria - 

- 1202 

Altona-Ottcnsen 

- 640 

Altstetten- 

- 1336 

Amsterdam 

- 925 

Andernach-ou-Rhine 641 

Argenteuil 

- 495 

Baltimore - 

- 1529 

Barcelona 

- 1207 

Basle- 

- 1338 

Berlin 

- 663 

B aiikenburg-Harz 

- 670 

•Bodeubach 

- 341 

Boun-on-Rhiue- 

- .671 

Bordcaux - 

- 603 

Boston 

- 1545 

Braga 

- 1081 

Bremen 

- 67& 

Breslau , - 

- 679 

Brunswick 

- 684 

Buenos Aires - 

. 2014 

Cadiz 

- 1211 

Cairo 

- 317 

Cannes 

- 509 

Cartagena 

-2022c 

Cassel 

- 685 

Chicago - 

- 1578 

Cleveland - 

- 15.88 

Cologne - 

- 69^, 

Copenhagen 

- 476 

Dessau 

- 702 

Detroit 

- 1606 

Dresden - 

. 709 

DUsseldorf 

- 714 

Finsterwalde - 

- 724 

Florence - 

- 976 

Frankfort - on - the - 

Main 

- 730 

Furruckabad - 

- 25 

Gefle- - - 

- 1252 

Geneva 

- 1347 

Genoa 

- 981 

Gera 

- 736 

Ghazipnr - 

- 25 

GolfeJuau-Val-Lauris 522 

Gothenburg 

- 1257 

Grasse 

- 622 

Graz - 

• 349 

Guadalajara 

- 1502 

Halle 

- 746 

Hamburg - 

- 774 

Hanover - 

- 784 

Harburg-on-the El^e 785 

Heilbronn- 

- 788 

Hildesheim 

- 790 

Jackson - 

- 1634 

Jamnagar 

- 27 

Jersey City 

- 1636 

Jungbunzlau - 

- 353 

Karlsruhe 

- 795 

Kazanlik - 

- 464 

Kischineff 

- 1129 

Klagenfurt 

- \354 

Koniggratz 

- 355 

Kbuigsberg 

- 799 

Krakow - 

- 366 

Leipzig - 

- 810 

Lemberg - 

- 868 

Leyden 

- 934 

Linkbping 

- 1263 

Lisbon 

- 1087 

Logansport 

- 1640- 

Lowell 

- 1651 

Lyons 

. 539 

Malaga 

- 1225 

Manila 

- 1997 

Marseilles - 

- 648 

Melbourne 

- 146 

Mexico 

- 1808 

Milan 

- 994 

Montpellier 

• 652 

Moscow - 

- 1140 

Munich 

- 834 

Naples 

- 1000* 

New York 

- 1721 

Newark (N. J.) - 

- 1671 

Newburgh 

- 1674 

Nice 

- 656 

Norwich (N.Y.) 

- 1737 

Niiruberg- 

. 844 

OSenbach 

- 848 

Olympia - 

- 1738 

Orebro • • 

- 1269 

Osaka 

- 1411 


9 










Moody’s Investment Rating Book Service 

The Moody Rating Books give business ratings for the purpose of protecting 
an investor as well as for the purpose of protecting credit. It is as important to 
be able to learn whether the stocks and bonds in which one is thinking of invest¬ 
ing are safe, as it is to know whether a check received is good. Moody's 
Investors Service issue jour large volumes. 

Under each firm or corporation mentioned in any volume, such items as the fol¬ 
lowing are given: State laws under which the business was incorporated; brief 
history of the firm; capital stock; business managers; equipment, rating, and 
a percent suggesting safety of investment. Each volume is indexed at the front 
alphabetically under the name of the firm. The volumes are as follows: 

1: Rating Book and Analyses of Industrials (called the ‘‘Red Book”) 

This volume gives ratings of firms handling large industries, in the United 
States and in foreign countries. 

2: Rating Book and Analyses of Public Utilities (called the “Brown Book”) 

This volume gives the ratings of private firms handling business affecting the 
public in general, such as telephone, water, electricity. Ratings of some firms 
in foreign countries are included. 

3: Rating Book and Analyses of Governments and Municipals (called the 
“Blue Book”) 

This volume gives ratings of bonds held by city, state or federal governments, 
such as roads, public health, education. It also includes thousands of foreign 
bond issues. 


k: Rating Book and Analyses of Railroads (called the “Green Book”) 

On the opposite page is a specimen entry from Public Utilities. Consult it 
wndQv Johnstown Telephone Company, at the paragraph headed “History,” and 
tell when the firm was incorporated, and under which state laws. How many 
telephones does the company own? How many miles of wire are required? 
What is the population served? 


Under Management, find who is the president of the company. When and 
where is the annual meeting held? 

Under Comparative Income Account compare the gross revenues of 1917 with 
those of 1922. 

Is the margin of safety high? In which year was it the highest? 

Under Table A, Bond Records, give the date for the maturity of the bonds. 
The interest is payable in what months? What is the average income available? 
Are the bonds considered salable in certain localities? Is the security of these 
bonds considered good? What letters represent the rating? 

The significance of the letters for rating in the Moody Investors Service is 
not the same as that for the Thomas Register. All the bonds and stocks are 
rated according to their security. Thus, the highest grade issues receive an 
“Aaa” rating, the next grade “Aa,” then “A,” “Baa,” “Ba,” “B,” “Caa,” etc., 
until the very poorest securities are reached. 

These books can be found in many large libraries. 


10 


JOHNSTOWN TELEPHONE COMPANY 


Specimen Entry from 
Public Utilities 
in the 

Moody Investment Rating Book Service 


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11 































































Other Credit Rating Books 


There are many general credit rating agencies in the United States; most cities 
have their local agencies. Local banks will often give ratings, and advise regard¬ 
ing investments. 

Two well known rating agencies issue the following publications: 

Bradstreet: Book of Ratings. 

Dun: General Reference Book. • 

Both of these publications are confined to private subscriptions; neither of 
them can be found in public libraries. 


Guides to 

Miscellaneous Business Reference Books 

2^00 Business ‘Books: 

The above title is that of a book which is of great service to business men who 
wish to know what reference books are published on their special business. 

To gain some idea of the range of business interests included, see if the following 
appear on the right hand column of the opposite page, which is a specimen entry 
from this book under the word Business: 

Florist business Banks 

Ice trade Umbrella trade 

Millinery Automobile trade 

If one were to trace the reference books for the florist business, for example, he 
would look in the body of the book for florists, alphabetically, where a number of 
references for the florist business would be found. Among these references would 
be one to the word directories which would be followed by a number. He would 
then turn to the word directories, in alphabetical order, trace the number and 
find the name and address of a classified directory of American and Canadian 
florists. If reference is made to directories, but no number is given, look for the 
business in sub-alphabetical order under the word directories. Reference books 
for every business mentioned on the opposite page could be traced in a similar 
way. Even directories for business in foreign countries are often given. Under 
the word Periodicals, many valuable business magazines and papers are listed. 

Industrial Arts Index: 

An index to magazine articles on business subjects may be of great value in 
the commercial world. The one which is most likely to give references to such 
articles is entitled Industrial Arts Index. It is issued ten times a year, and 
indexes about 150 of the best technical journals in all lines of business, also guiding 
to many United States bulletins dealing with industrial subjects. 

12 


specimen Entry 
from 

2400 Business Books 


Directories, and other reference 
works to which this book refers, are 
indispensable in their respective lines 
of business. 

For Example; under Banks and 
hanking, a reference would be found 
to: 

Bankers^ Encyclopaedia: In this 
work each town in the United States 
which has a bank is listed. The first 
arrangement is alphabetically by 
states; the second by towns under the 
state. The banking laws of the state 
are given, and also state officials. 
The location of each town on a state 
map is indicated. Local banks are 
listed, city officials named, population 
and other information given. 

Under Newspaper business, a refer¬ 
ence is made to the directory described 
on pages 14-15. 


Business and trade headings used in this book: 

Accountants’ offices; Acetylene plants; Ac¬ 
tuaries; Advertising—Agency business; Agri¬ 
cultural implements and machinery trade; Agri¬ 
culture; Aircraft industry; Arbitrage; Archi¬ 
tects’ offices; Architects’ offices—Landscape; 
Architects’ offices—Naval; Art dealers; Audi¬ 
tors’ offices; Automobile accessories business; 
Automobile trade; Awning trade; Baking trade; 
Banks and banking; Bee industry; Bond 
houses; Book trade; Brick trade; Building and 
loan associations; Building material trade; 
Building trades; Burlap trade; Butter trade; 
Canning trade; Carpet trade; Cement trade; 
Chain stores; Chemical and drug trade; Cloth¬ 
ing trade; Coal trade; Coffee trade; Coke 
trade; Collecting of accounts; Commissioners 
of deeds; Confectionery trade; Container trade; 
Cooperative stores; Copper industry; Cordage 
trade; Corset trade; Cotton goods trade; Cot¬ 
ton seed trade; Cotton trade; Cutlery trade; 
Dairy industry; Dentists’ offices; Dressmaking 
business; Drug stores; Dry goods trade; Dye¬ 
ing trade; Electric light and power companies; 
Electric railroads; Electrical supply trade; Em¬ 
broidery trade; Employment bureaus; Engineer- 
‘ing offices; Engineering supply trade; Export 
trade; Express service; Felt trade; Fertilier 
trade; Fiber trade; Film trade; Fish trade; 
Five and ten cent stores; Flag trade; Flax 
trade; Florist business; Forestry business; For¬ 
warders; Foundry trade; Fruit trade; Fur 
trade; Furniture trade; Galvanizing trade; Gas 
companies; Glass trade; Glove trade; Grain 
trade; Grocery trade; Gypsum trade; Hardware 
trade; Harness trade; Hat trade; Hemp trade; 
Hosiery trade; Hotels; House-furnishings trade; 
Ice cream business; Ice trade; Import trade; 
Instalment business; Insurance—Agency busi¬ 
ness; Iron and steel trade; Jewelry trade; Job¬ 
bing, commission business, etc.; Jute trade; 
Knit goods trade; Lace trade; Laundry busi¬ 
ness; Lawyers’ offices; Leather goods trade; 
Leather trade; Lirne trade; Lumber trade; Ma¬ 
chine shops; Machinery trade; Mail order busi¬ 
ness; Marine engine and boiler trade; Mattress 
trade; Meat trade; Medical supply trade; Men’s 
furnishings goods trade; Metal trade; Mill sup¬ 
ply trade; Millinery trade; Mine supply trade; 
Mines and mining; Mineral industry; Motion 
picture trade; Motor cycle trade; Music trade; 
Navy yard work; Newsdealers; Newspaper 
business; Notaries public; Notion trade; Nov¬ 
elty trade; Nursery trade; Nut trade; Office 
building management; Office supplies business; 
Oil trade; Oleomargarine trade; Optical trade; 
Organ trade; Packing trade; Paint trade; 
Painting and decorating trade; Paper box 
trade; Paper trade; Pattern shops; Pawnbroking 
business; Petroleum industry; Phosphate trade; 
Physicians’ offices; Piano trade; Plumbing 
trade; Pottery trade; Poultry business; Print¬ 
ing business; Produce trade; Promoting; Pub¬ 
lic service corporations; Publishing trade; 
Quarries; Railroads; Real estate business; Re¬ 
frigeration trade; Restaurant business; Retail 
stores; Retailing; Rolling mill industry; Rub¬ 
ber trade; Sail making industry; Savings banks; 
Sawmills; Seed trade; Sewing machine trade; 
Sheep raising business; Ship chandlers; Ship¬ 
building trade; Shoe trade; Silk trade; Sport¬ 
ing goods trade; Stationery trade; Stock brok¬ 
erage business; Stone trade; Stove trade; 
Sugar trade; Surgical instrument trade; Tailor¬ 
ing trade; Talking machine trade; Taxi busi¬ 
ness; Tea trade; Telegraph industry; Telephone 
industry;'Tent trade; Textile trade; Theatres; 
Tin plate trade; Tire trade; Tobacco trade; 
Toy trade; Tractor trade; Trunk trade; Trust 
companies; Umbrella trade; Underwear trade; 
Upholstery trade; Vehicle trade; Warehouse 
business; Waste trade; Water transportation 
business; Window dressing; Window shade 
trade; Wireless stations; Wool trade; Yarn 
trade. 


13 










Business Magazines; Newspapers 


Almost every profession or business in existence has its own magazine, or 
special publication. A list of the general and special magazines and newspapers 
published in the United States is issued every year in a directory entitled: 


Ayer'- Newspaper Annual and Directory. 

The specimen entry below is from the index to the Class and trade publi¬ 
cations in this annual, which are listed at the back in an appendix. 

Consult it and tell on which page in the annual one could find a list of 
publications devoted to the following interests: bee keeping; aviation; coal and 


coke; confectionery and ice cream; deaf; 


Page 

ACCOUNTS—see Business and Office Methods .12-15 

Advertising.1240 

Aeronautic.1240 

Agents.1240 

Agnostic, Free Thought, etc.1240 

Agricultural.1229 

American Indian .1240 

Anti-Clerical— see Patriotic, etc .1284 

Anti-Prohibition— sec Liquor and Anti-Pi'ohibi- 

tion . 1274 

Antiquarian— see Collectors, etc .1246 

Anti-Tuberculosis.1240 

Architecture and Building.1241 

Art.1242 

Astrological.1242 

Athletics and Physical Culture.1242 

Auctioneers.1242 

Authors— see Books, etc .1244 

Automobile, Gas Engines, etc.1242 

Aviation— see Aeronautic .1240 

Awnings, Shades, Tents, etc.1243 

Baking.1243 

Banking— see Financial and Banking .1260 

Barbers and Hairdressers.1243 

Barrels, Boxes and Packages.1243 

Bee Keeping.1243 

Blacksmiths and Horse Shoers.1244 

Blind, The.1254 

Bookkeeping— see Business, etc .1245 

Books,Book Trade and Writers.1244 

Botanical— see Scientific .1291 


blind; advertising? 


Page 


Civil Service.1216 

Clay— see Brick, etc .1244 

Cleaning and Dyeing.1246 

Clothing and Furnishing Goods.1246 

Coal, Coke, etc .124b 

Cold Storage— see Jce, etc . 1267 

Collectors, Numismatic, Philatelic, etc.1246 

Collegiate.1247 

Coloring Materials— see Painting, etc. 1284 

—also Cleaning and Dyeing, etc .1246 

Coming Conventions.1253 

Commercial and Industrial.1258 

Commercial Travelers.1254 

Concrete— see Cement aiid Concrete .1245 

Confectionery and Ice Cream.1254 

Contracting, Excavating, etc.1254 

Contracts (Public) ... i254 

Co-operative Trading.1254 

Cordage— see Miscellaneous .1299 

Cosmetics— see Soap, etc .1293 

Cotton .1254 

Cotton Goods— see Textile .!.1297 

County Government— see Municipal, etc .1280 

Country Life- see Suburban, etc .1295 

Creamery— see Milk, etc .1279 

Crockery— see Pottery and Glass .1286 

Culinary- see Food and Culinary .1262 

Dairy— see Milk, etc .1279 

Dancing.1254 

Deaf, The .i25^ 

Decorating— see Painting, etc .1284 


On the opposite page, a specimen entry from the body of this annual is given 
under the state of Missouri. The main body of the directory is arranged under 
states; under each state the towns in it are sub-arranged alphabetically. In 
what county of Missouri is Jerico Springs located? Read the brief description 
of the town. What paper is published there? Under Joplin, name the editor 
of the “ News Herald.” In what year was this paper established? How large 
is the circulation of the Sunday edition? Which paper in Joplin has the largest 
circulation? When was the ‘‘Capital News” of Jefferson City established? 

Could one find the editor of a paper called the “Courrier” without first 
knowing where the paper is published? 

Notice that a brief description of each town is given. 


14 































































A Specimen Entry from Body of 
Ayer: Newspaper Annual and Directory 


JACKSON 
C 

Batiks, 


csiao. ■'uoi. 

N t, pop. 2,105 (N8); Cape Girardeau Co. (S.E.), pop. 27,621. iu 
Cape (-lirardeau. 8t. L., Iron Mtn. & S’thrn; Cape (lirardeau N’ttirii II.I 


tsiat). ^Col. ^Size. Sub. 

in. N.W. of 

, . — - -.Us. 'I’el. K.xp. 

Hour mills, lile factory, brick yards, poultry dressing and lelrigerating plant, 
bhips wheat, live stock, etc. Active trade center. 

Deutscher Volksfreuiid(German)Thursday.Republican 1886 IJ 131x191 1.50 

1 rkperick E. Kiks & Bko., Editors and Publishers. 

Missouri Cash-Book (C7.<te.9moYs)..Thursday.Democratic 1870 13 131x195 1.00 

C. C. Oliver, Editor and Publislier. 

JACKSONVILLE, pop. • *300 (H 3); Randolph Co. (N.C.), pop. 26,182. 14 m. N. of 

Moberly. Wabash R.R. Tel. Exp. Bank. Coal mining, general farming and stock raising. 

Times.Friday.ludependent.. 13 11x175 l.UO 

E. C. L.4NKENAU, Editor and Publisher. 

JAMESON, pop. *4(’0 (E23^); Daviess Co. (N.W.), pop. 17,605. 30 ni. NW. of Chillicothe. 
Wabash R.R. Tel. Exp. Banks. Farming, stock raising, fruit growing. 

Gem.Thursday.Independent.. 1913 13 11x175 1.00 

Allen F. Wade, Editor and Publisher. 

JAMESPORT, pop. 611 (E 3); Daviess Co. (N.W.), pop. 17,605. 20 m. N.W. of Chillicothe 
Chic., R. I. & Pac. R.R. Tel. Exp. Banks. Mineral spring of medicinal value. Live 
stock and gram shipped. 


Circ. 

1,100 

11,240 


.Democratic. 1877 13 135x195 1.00 


2,875 

1,825 

2,100 

12,000 

2,235 

5x8 1.00 >f:12,000 
155x21 


4.80 

1.00 


Gazette.Thursday ... 

Thomas R. Shaw, Jr., Editor and Publisher. 

JASPER, pop. 664 (D 8); Jasper Co. (S.W.), pop. 89,673. 23 m. N.E. of Joplin. Mo. Pac. R.R. 

Tel. Exp. Banks. Flour mill, grain elevators. Agricultural district. Largestock shipments. 

News.Thursday.Local. 1898 13 llxl7| 1.50 

Arthur F. Drake, Editor and Publisher. 

JEFFERSON CITY f, pop. *12,780 (H 5); Cole Co. (C.), pop. 21,957. The State Capital. On 
Missouri R.. llom.W. ofSt. Louis. Mo., Kans. & Tex.; Mo. Pac.; Chic. & Alton R.Rs. I'el. 
Exp. Banks. Flour mills, foundr.y and machine shops, breweries, shoe. f)aper box. bottling, 
wagon.ice, overalls, broom saddle tree and motor factories and other industries. Coal 
and limestone exist in vicinity. General trade center. State House, State Library, Lincoln 
Institute (a negro normal school), the State Penitentiary, etc. 

Capital News.Morn. ex. ilibzt... ludependent.. 1910 13 155xl9| 4.80 

Charles H. Buchanan, Editor ; Capital News Printing Company (Inc.), Publishers. 

Democrat-Tribune.Evg. ex. Sun .Democratic. 1902 13 155x215 4.80 

Democrat-Tribune.Thursday .Democratic. 1875 13 135x195 1.00 

Joseph Goldman, Editor; Cole County Democrat Printing Company, Pubiishers. 

Missouri School Journal.Monthly.Educational... 1882 15 5 x 85 1.25 

Walker & Harris, Editors; Missouri School Journal Publishing Company, 

Missouri Volksfreund (German)..Thursday.Ind.Dem. 1876 13 155 x20 1.00 

John F. Koester, Editor and Publisher. 

Mother’s Appeal.Monthly.Philanthropic 1914 15 

Julia A. Baker, Editor; Baker Publishing Corporation. 

Post.Evg. ex. Sun .Republican. 1908 13 

Post.Saturday.Republican. 1894 13 

Joseph Sailer, Editor and Publisher. 

Western Messenger (Negro).Frida.y.Baptist. 1899 13 

Jno. Goins, D.D., Editor and Publisher. 

JERICO SPRINGS, pop. 395 (D 7); Cedar Co. (S.W.), pop. 16,080. 48 m. N.W. of Spring- 
field. Nearest railroad sta., Sheldon. Mo. Pac. R.R. Tel. Exp. Banks. Coal, lead and 
zinc. Mineral spring. Fire clay mines. Farming and grazing district. 

Optic .Friday.Independent.. 1888 13 155x215 1.00 

A. M. Heifner, Editor; H. T. Heifner, Publisher. 

JONESBURG, pop. 456 (K 5); Montgomery Co. (E.), pop. 15,604. 71 m. W.N. W. of St. Louis. 
Wabash R.R. Tel. Exp. Bank. Mill. Farming. 

Journal .Thursda.y.Democratic. 1879 13 155x195 LOO 

J. T. tfe Mrs. J. T. Jones, Editors and Publishers. 

JOPLIN, pop. *32,848 (D 8); JASPER Co. (S.W.), pop. 89,673. 68 m. S. of Springfield. Mo. 

& N. Ark.; Mo., Okla. & Gulf; St. L. & S. Fran.; Mo. Pac.; K. City S’thrn ; Mo., Kans. 
& Tex. R.Rs. Tel. Exp. Banks. Rich lead and zinc mines; coal abundant. Manufac¬ 
tures Include large lead works, cooperage works, large flour mills, eight foundries and ma¬ 
chine shops, and various minor industries. Agriculture. 

Afro-American Leader (Negro) ...Saturday.Republican 1915 13 135x195 1.50 

Melissa Fuell-Cuther, Editor ; C. W. Cuther, Publisher. 

American Zinc and Lead Journal Monthly.Mining* Mfg. 1915 17 85x115 1.00 

Frank Eberle <fe Company, Publishers. 

( Morn. ex. J/oit...Democratic. 1896 125 175x20 5.20 

Globe (Uses mats) . < A. B. C. Statement {week-days ), 

( Sunday edition . A. B. C. Statement, 

P. R. CoLDREN, Editor; Joplin Globe Publishing Company (Inc ). 

Labor Tribune.Friday.Labor. 1915 13 155x215 1.00 

Joplin Labor Union Association, Publishers. 

Missouri Trade Unionist.Wednesday.Labor. 1907 13 135 x 20 1.00 

Charles W. Fear. Editor and Publisher. 

(Evg. ex. Sat. Ind. Rep. 1872 125 175x20 5.20 

News Herald .x Ntm. (Sun. A. B. C. Statement {week-days), 

( Morn.) .) Sunday edition....A.B.C. Statement, 

L. M. Davis. Editor; Joplin News-Herald Newspaper Company, Publishers. 

Southwestern Automobilist.Monthly.{ Good^Roads. } 1912 22 75x10 1.00 

Charles W. Fear, Editor and Publisher. 

W^orld.Friday.Independent., 1915 13 135x195 LOO 

Charles E. Brown, Editor and Publisher. 


5500 


650 


700 


1,750 

1,500 


135x195 1.00 1,500 


*460 


782 


54,400 


22,577 

26,896 


2,500 


14,319 

13,938 

3,700 


Circulation : 
Population : 


Bold face—sworn. 
U. S. Census, 1910. 


j/c Detailed statement, t Publisher’s report. Plain figures estimated. 
*Estimated. tCountySeat. ♦Width (p’.caems). ^ Type page (inches). 

15 






























































Mailing Lists 


A large amount of business is carried on by mail, such as the sending 
of bills, checks, announcements. For the purpose of advertising, it is desirable 
to have lists of persons or firms especially interested in the line of business to 
be announced. It is very important, therefore, to know where to find up-to- 
date classified lists. Many directories or registers are issued in separate printed 
form, such as: 


Medical directory Crockery dealers 

Dental register Engineers 

Directory of the'legal profession Insurance 
Educational directory Motion pictures 

Furniture dealers Hotels 


The publishers of these, and corresponding registers can be traced through 
21^00 Reference Books, described on pages 12-13; this book also gives other guides 
under the heading Mailing Lists. 


Mailing lists for many purposes can be secured from R. L. Polk and Company, 
publishers of city directories and state gazetteers. Detroit, Mich. 


Business Under 

City; County; State; Federal Governments 

Much of the business of the country is under the direction of the government. 
Most of our educational institutions are under local or state control; the parcel 
post has displaced much of the express business; many city water and lighting 
plants are under city government. 

Some branches of the government business are self-supporting, such as the 
postal service, while many others are supported by taxation, such as education, 
fire and police protection. 

The expenses, extent of work done, names of officials and other items con¬ 
nected with a business which is under any branch of the government are re¬ 
ported by that branch as an official report. The most important of such reports 
are kept in public libraries, and also in the office of the department which sends 
out the report. 


Questions for 
Commercial Indexes 


Note— Numbers in margin at right of questions below, give values on scale of 100% 


1— Give the title of the book which guides to directories and other reference books published 

for almost any line of business.=8 

2— Give the title of the magazine index to technical business journals and to bulletins of the 

United States Government dealing withl industrial subjects.=8 

3— Under the management of which Department of the Government has much of the express 

business been displaced?...=4 


-Which of the publications studied would give the name of the president of the Shredded Wheat 
Biscuit Company, a brief history of the firm and its financial rating?.=8 


5— a. Which of the publications studied would give a list of firms engaged in the manu¬ 
facturing of typewriters in the United States under the word typewriters? . 

b. Which publication would give the cities of the world, manufacturing typewriters?.. 

4 each = 8 


6 — 


7— 


a. If one wished to locate the hospitals in a city, the index of which section of a city 

directory should be consulted? 

b. Where in the directory is this section usually placed?.4 each = 8 

a. In which section of a city directory could a list of the druggists of the city be 
found? 


b. Where in the directory is this section placed? 


4 each = 8 


8— a. In which section in a city directory could one find between what streets a certain 

house number comes? 

b. Where is this section located?.4 each = 8 

9 — What publication gives information for a state, similar to that which a city directory gives 

for a city?.=8 


10— Name the two credit rating books which are not open to the public, and can be consulted 

only by subscribers.4 each = 8 

11— Give, in order, the five main classifications of information in Kelly s Directory of Merchants, 

Shippers, and Manufacturers of the World .=8 


12 — 


a. Whose Newspaper Annual and Directory is explained in the text? 

b. Is this directory arranged under the names of the papers and magazines, or under 

the states and towns in which they are issued? 

c. Should the body of this directory, or an index to an appendix, be consulted to find 

which papers are devoted to certain interests; drugs, for example? 

d. To what word should one first turn in the body of this directory to find the name 

of the editor of the Republican, published in Springfield, Massachusetts? ^ Give 
the second word which should be consulted alphabetically, and after it the 
third word.3 each = 12 


= 4 


13—Name at least four items of information given in a Bankers’ Encyclopaedia 















Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required Feature of the Regular English Course 

Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicate its value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, students are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate for passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work in the library pamphlet for that course has been completed, 
the fact will be established in the student^s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference * books to be as neces¬ 
sary as is training in other educational lines. 


Reference Guides 

; 

That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them 


Florence M. Hopkins 

Librarian 

Central High School, Detroit, Michigan 



This Pamphlet Pertains to 
Government Publications — City: State: Federal 


THIRD EDITION 


PUBLISHERS and PRICES 
ARE GIVEN ON THE 

REVERSE SIDE OF THIS COVER 























Copyright 1923 
hy 

FLOEENCE M. HOPKINS 



The pamphlet on Webster s New International Dictionary may be purchased 
at the rate of 10 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 8 cents each plus carriage, 
from the Publishers of the Dictionary. 

G. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. 


Other pamphlets, as listed in the Foreword^ on the opposite page, may be 
purchased at the rate of 25 cents per copy; in lots of fifty, for 17)^cents each 
plus carriage, from 

THE WILLARD COMPANY, 

(501 West Fort Street, 

DETROIT, MICH. 


NOTE: Arrangements have been made between The G. & C. Memam Co. and the Willard Co. by means 
of which the lesson on Webster’s New International dictionary cen be sold much more cheaply than can the lessons on 
miscellaneous reference books. It is hoped that this plan will make it possible for schools to adopt at once the dictionary 
pamphlet, as a required text book for the first term of high school English work, and the other pamphlets latM’. 



2 ?/?^ 5 / 


F ore word 


This pamphlet is one of a series on the use of reference books. The complete 
series constitutes a third edition of Reference Guides That Should be Known and 
How to Use Them^ which appeared first in 1916 in bound form as a text book for 
high and normal schools. 

The third edition has revised and condensed the eleven pamphlets of the 
second edition into eight pamphlets, one for each of the eight high school courses 
in English, as listed below. The revised text can also be adapted to meet the 
needs of college freshmen who have had no special training in the use of reference 
tools. No important change has been made in the subject matter. Each pamph¬ 
let contains sixteen pages; even though the subject may be new, it should 
be mastered in a little more than an hour’s time. 

List of Pamphlets in the Series 
Graded to correspond with High School English Courses 

English 1—Wehsteds New International Dictionary. 

English 2—Parts of a hook: Concordances. 

English 3 — Encyclopaedias. 

English 4—Library classification and card catalogue. 

English 6 — Year-hooks. 

English 6—Indexes to periodical literature. 

English 7—Commercial guides. 

English 8—Government publications: city^ state, and federal. 

It might be well to give the entire series to high school seniors, if the work 
has not been organized grade by grade. College freshmen could do the work inde¬ 
pendently; so also could anyone needing reference tools, club workers, for example. 
A survey was recently made by the faculty of one of our state universities, con¬ 
cerning causes of failure in the freshman college year: four statements were 
formulated, one of which reads as follows: ‘‘Students should be trained to use 
ordinary means of securing_information, such as: the table of contents, the index, 
the dictionary, the encyclopaedia, the card catalog, the Readersl Guide to Periodical 
• Literature, the newspaper, the informationcil magazine!'' .It is therefore evident 
that a need exists for some plan of teaching the use of reference material which 
can be fitted into the crowded high school and college courses without undue 
intrusion or expense. 


1 


These simple lessons have been prepared in the hope that they will aid 
students to become familiar with standard reference material. The inclusion 
of specimen pages from the reference books studied makes it possible for each 
student to follow all illustrative examples without making a trip to a library and 
waiting to have access to the complete reference work. No library will furnish 
a sufficient number of copies of* expensive reference books for this purpose; 
neither can a library afford to have pages in expensive reference books as 

badly worn and marked as this work would cause them to become. 

Much dependence is placed upon the co-operation of the English depart¬ 
ments when the work is given in high schools, each teacher of English being 
expected to devote about three recitation periods to the pamphlets which are 

graded to correspond with the respective English courses taught. In college, 

it would seem to be a very simple matter for the rhetoric department to plan 
to have their freshmen read these pamphlets early in the term, either as assigned 
class work, or independently, time being allowed, so that the work could be done 
without overpressure. Satisfactory results might be assured if students under¬ 
stood that at the first rhetoric examination a few leading questions selected from 
those on the inside of the back covers of the pamphlets would be asked. 

According to the library code for capitalization all words in a title begin with 
a lower case letter instead of with a capital, except the first word, proper nouns, 
and adjectives derived from proper nouns. Certain specimen pages will show 
that some publishers follow this code. 


The follozving paragraphs are taken from the 
Forezvord of the First Edition 

Possibly the best way of presenting the points which it is hoped this series of 
lessons may emphasize is to quote directly from the preface of a Bulletin on 
“Library instruction in universities, colleges and normal schools,” from the 
United States Bureau of Education, 1914—No. 34. 

Many educators of note, as well as college and university librarians, 
have emphasized the urgent necessity of instruction and training in 
“book-using skill.” 

The place of the library in the work of all departments is one of 
increasing importance. The library is a resource or reservoir from which 
the student should draw constantly for information and inspiration. 

. . . Every month of delay in instructing him in the meaning 

and use of the library lessens the efficiency of his course. ' 

Every new student should be required to take ' 
some course in which is given definite practical instruction in the 
handling of library tools.Such a course, more¬ 

over, should not only be required, but it should constitute a definite part 
of the work required for a degree. 






Government Publications 

City: State: Federal 


Public Documents include publications of the nation, state, county and city. 
Many reports and special pamphlets issued by these governing bodies contain 
much very valuable material, the general nature of which should be familiar to 
every person, though most of the reports pertain to statistics, detailed local 
matters, laws, and other interests by far too cumbersome for examination except 
by those personally concerned. Reference work among public documents is a 
branch by itself. However, the general public should know a few of the main 
publications, and be familiar with the plan upon which they are issued. 

The affairs of government are usually managed by “Boards” or “Com¬ 
missions” having charge of different needs, within limited districts, such as 
Education; Health; Fire; Police; Lighting; Water; and many others. A city, 
has its own local Board of Education; a county, its County Commissioner of 
Education; a state, its State Board of Education: the United States receives 
educational reports from each state, issues valuable pamphlets, and serves as a 
center for unifying the educational interests and statistics of the entire country. 
A corresponding series is true for health reports; labor reports, and many others. 

A very close study is made of agricultural interests through State and 
United States Boards of Agriculture. The Agricultural Year-book, which is 
issued by the United States government in larger numbers than any other one 
book in the country, contains articles selected from the many publications of 
the United States Department of Agriculture. 

Each individual Board in these vast numbers of cities, counties, and states 
is making a special study of conditions under its own care, and the United States 
government a corresponding study for the interests of the country as a nation. 
Even nations of the world interchange their documents. Since public documents 
are never advertised we are apt to forget them, and thereby miss much valuable 
reference material. 


City Publications 

Many cities publish a manual, which gives city officials and general matters 
of city concern. Each department makes a yearly report of expenses and of 
the work which it has accomplished. These reports are usually kept on file in 
local public libraries, as well as in the offices of the city departments themselves. 
It is interesting to examine local reports occasionally. The number of gallons of 
water pumped for one’s own city, the miles of water pipe needed to deliver them. 


3 


and other interests connected with the water supply can be found in the report 
of the Water Commission. The number of fires, their causes, and amount of loss, 
can be found in the reports of the Fire Commission. The number of pupils 
in each grade in the city schools, the value of school property, the cost per pupil 
for instruction can be found in the report of the Board of Education. Much 
information in connection with the government of a locality can be found by 
consulting the reports of the Boards under whose management it falls. 

Below is given a list of activities common to most city governments, though 
of course, slight differences occur in local places. Read the entire list, and try 
to realize the general character of city departments. 

Art Commission 

Buildings and Safety Engineering 
City Plan Commission 
Contingencies and Reserves 
Fire Commission 
Garbage 

General City Departments^ and Officials 
Mayor 

Common Council 
City Clerk 

Corporation Counsel 
Controller 
City Treasurer 
Board of Assessors 
Civil Service Commission 
Election Commission 
Research Engineer 
Miscellaneous 
General Road 
House of Correction 
Library Commission 
Markets 

Motor Transportation 
Parks and Boulevards 
Police Department 
Public Buildings 
Public Entertainment 
Public Health 
Public Lighting 
Public Sewers 
Public School 
Public Works—General 
Purchasing Department 
Recorders Court 
Recreation Commission 
Water Commissioners 
Welfare Commission 


4 



County Publications 

Each county also has its special activities, boards, commissions, and reports. 

Read the list below, which is suggestive of county supervision. 

! 

County clerk; medical examiner; library service; park system; game and fish 
warden; road commission; school commission; treasurer; register of deeds; circuit 
court commission; juvenile division. 


State Publications 

Most states publish a volume giving a general survey of the work carried on 
by the state issuing it. Generally speaking, such a volume is issued each time 
a new legislature is elected. The titles of these books vary in different states, 
but one of the following words is usually found in connection with the name of 
the state— Manual, Blue Book, Red Book, Directory, Register. Every citizen 
should be familiar with the publication issued for his own state. The informa¬ 
tion included differs slightly in different states, but each would probably contain: 

a. Constitution of the United States. 

h. Its own state constitution. 

c. Members of the United States Congress. 

d. Members of its own state legislature. 

e. County officials and activities. 

f. State institutions. 

g. Officials in prominent state positions. 

h. Index at back. 


Reports and publications from such state boards and commissions as the 
following should be recognized as sources of much valuable information: 


Labor Commission; 

Library Commission; 

Bank Commission; 

Dairy and Food Commission; 
Insurance Commission; 

Each state publishes 
require two or three large volumes. 


Fish Commission; 

Board of Agriculture; 

Board of Education; 

Board of Health; 

Board of Corrections and Charities. 

These laws usually 


its own laws, carefully indexed. 


Monthly List of State Publications 

Aside from their regular official reports, most of these Boards or Commis¬ 
sions publish pamphlets containing special investigations made in their own 
fields. In order to create a center from which such reports can be made known, 
they are sent to the Library of Congress, in Washington, for record and cata¬ 
loguing. They are listed every month under the title. Monthly List of State 
Publications, and are indexed at the end of the year under author and subject. 
These reports and publications include a wider range of subjects than is generally 
supposed, as can be seen by consulting the annual index under such words as 
milk, flies, birds, music, books. 


5 


United States Publications 


In general, the work of the United States government is divided into large 
departments, each one being devoted to its special field, as: 

Agriculture, Commerce, Justice, Labor, State, Interior, Post Office, Treasury, 
War. 

Most departments are subdivided into bureaus and divisions, each branch of 
which publishes valuable reports and statistics pertaining to its own interests. 

Each month, all of the current reports from the various departments and bureaus 
are indexed under departments; this index is entitled: 

Monthly Catalogue of United States Public Documents. 

At the end of a year, the monthly catalogues are bound together, and indexed 
at the back. The subjects have a very wide range, as do the Monthly Last of 
State Publications described on page 5. 

The publications from departments, bureaus, Senate and House fill 
between three and four hundred large volumes every two years. 

It is impossible in a brief outline to give more than a suggestion of this vast 
field of work. The government describes its own publications in the following 
words: 

“The government of the United States is the 
greatest of all publishers of scientific works. It 
employs thousands of scientists, who are engaged 
' the year round in making researches and investi¬ 

gations in all branches of agriculture, in geology, 
in mining, in electricity, in chemistry, in astron¬ 
omy, in engineering, in aviation, in preventive 
medicine, in forestry, in irrigation, and in almost 
all other branches of scientific inquiry. 

The results of all these activities, from the 
most comprehensive and effective organization ever 
known, are constantly reduced to print and poured 
out in an incessant flood from the LARGEST 
PRINTING WORKS IN THE WORLD. 

The greater number of them are sold by the 
Superintendent of Documents, located in the gov¬ 
ernment printing office. The government did not 
establish this sales office for the purposes of profit, 
but as a public convenience. The prices charged 
cover only paper and printing, no charge being 
made for the services of the statesmen and scientists 
who are the authors of the astonishingly varied 
books, pamphlets, periodicals, and maps, and no 
commissions being allowed to anybody.” 

The cost of operating the United States, or Federal Government is between 
three and four billion dollars a year. 


6 


Price Lists 


In order to let the public know what publications are for sale, the Super¬ 
intendent of Documents issues small classified catalogues, known as Price lists. 
Each Price list or catalogue enumerates United States government pub¬ 
lications pertaining to some one subject, and gives the price for which each pub¬ 
lication can be secured. These prices range from a few cents to several dollars. 
A reproduction of the subjects, as numbered for these catalogues is given on page 
8. Read the note above the numbers. Any numbered catalogue will be sent free 
by the Superintendent of Documents at Washington, upon application. Lists can 
be asked for by subjects if the numbers are not known. These lists are frequently 
revised, as new publication^ are constantly being issued. 

To gain some idea of the range of subjects included in these catalogues, read 
the headings on page 8 for the numbers indicated below. 

11; 21; 24; 31; 33; 39; 51; 53; 71. 

The paragraph below on Milk is taken from Price list number 11, on Foods 
and Cooking, to illustrate details. Consult it and answer the following questions: 

What is the title of the article first mentioned under Milk? It was prepared in 
what year? How many pages are devoted to it? It appeared as what number in 
what publication? The full article can be secured for what price from the Super¬ 
intendent of Documents? (The number at the end of the line (A 1. 9: 413) is the 
classification number.) What three articles are listed in the contents? 

In what Year-hook, for what year, and on what pages, does the second 
mentioned article appear? This article can be secured in a separate paper pam¬ 
phlet for what price? 

Read the remaining entries. 

What other Price lists are referred to in the last line? 

Read the government instructions on *^How to Remit,” near the bottom of 
page 8. 


Specimen entry from price list No. 11 


of milk and its use in home. 1910. 20 pages. (Farmers’ Bulletin 413.) 

Paper, 5c. 

Contents.— Care of milk m llie home.—Home pasteurization of milk.—Food 
value of milk. . xr 

condensed nnd desiccated milk. Pages 335 to 344. [From Agncnltiire lear- 
book, 3912.] Paper, 5c. ’ A i.iu . oyo 

Digestibility of raw, pasteurized, and cooked milk. (In Farmers’ Bulletin 
149, pages 27 and 28. Repfint 3909.) Paper, 5c. A 1.9 ; 149 

Use of milk as food. 1909. 44 pages, illus. (Farmers’ 

per, 5c. ■ ■ ^ . 

See also Price lists 38, Animal Industry, and 51, Health, Disease, and Sanita¬ 
tion. 


7 


Price Lists of Government Publications 


- The only publications sent free by the Superintendent of Documents are his Price 
Lists. These briefly describe each available book or pamphlet, and all have been 
revised to embrace current topics as follows: 

Laws. Federal Statutes, and compilations 
of laws on various subjects. 


16 . 

16 . 


10 ._ 

n Foods and Cooking. Includes nutri- 
• tion, canning, and cold storage. 

Geological Survey. Covers geology, min¬ 
eral resources, and water supply. 

Farmers* Bulletins. Agricultural Re¬ 
ports, Yearbooks. Numerical lists; all are 
foimd by subject in other lists. 

Engineering and Surveying. Rivers, 
harbors, tides, terrestrial magnetism. 
Army and MUltla. Manuals, aviation, 
ordnance pamphlets, pensions. 

Public Domain. Public lands, home¬ 
steading, railroad land-grants. 

Fishes. Includes oysters, lobsters, and 
mussels, sponges, and hatching experi- 


18 . 

19 . 

20 . 

21 . 

ments. 

24 . 

26 . 


Indians. Ethnology, mounds, antiqui¬ 
ties, Indian wars, etc. 

Transportation. Railroads, shipping. 
Postal Service, telegraphs, etc. 

OQ Finance. Foreign and domestic banking, 
currency, accounting, coinage, Liberty 
loan. War Finance Corporation. 

0~| Education. Includes agricultural and 
O JL • vocational education and libraries. 

OO Insular Possessions. Guam, Hawaii, 
Philippines, Porto Rico, Samoa, Virgin 
Islands, and Cfuba. 

OO Labor. Cost of living, food control, em- 
ployers’ liability,strikes, wages, insurance, 
child-labor, control of prices. 

O CT Geography and Explorations. Natural 
OeJ* scenery,“fossils, explorations, etc. 

Government Periodicals, for which sub¬ 
scriptions are taken 

Tariff. Spieeches and laws on war revenue, 
income tax, etc. 

Animal Industry. Domestic animals, 
-poultry and dairy industries. 

Birds and Wild Animals. North Amer¬ 
ican Fauna, game, mice, squirrels, etc. 

Chemistry. Technical investigations of 
food adulterations, preser\’atives, and 


36 . 

37 . 

38 . 

39 . 

40 . 

alcohol. 

41 . 

42 . 

43 . 


Insects. Includes bees, and insects harm¬ 
ful to agriculture and to health. 
Irrigation, Drainage, Water* power. 
Pumps, wells, erosion. 

Forestry. Tree planting, management of 
national Torests, lumber mdustry. 


Plants. Culture of fruits, vegetable^ 
cereals, grasses, herbs. 

Roads. Construction, improvement, and 
maintenance. 

Soils and Fertilizers. Soil surveys, fer> 
tilizers, nitrates, potash, phosphates. 
Weather, Astronomy, and Meteorol* 
ogy. Climate, earthquakes, floods. Naval 
Observatory, and Nautical Almanac Office Publi¬ 
cations, 

Proceedings of Cong^ress. Bound vols. 
of Congressional Record, Globe, etc. 

American History and Biography. 
The Revolution, Civil War, etc. 

Health. Disease^ drugs, sanitation, water 
pollution, care of infants. 

Maps. Government maps, and directions 
for obtaining them. 

Political Science. Prohibition, District 
of Columbia, woman suffrage, elections. 
National Museum and National Acad¬ 
emy of Sciences. 

Mines. Mineral resources, fuel-testing, 
coal, gas, gasoline, explosives. 

Interstate Commerce Commission 
Publications. 

Alaska. Gold, coalj and other mineral 
resources, railroads, explorations, etc. 

^1 Panama Canal. Construction, tolls, 
” A • treaties, and material on Canal Zone. 

Commerce and Manufactures. For¬ 
eign trade, patents, trusts, etc. 

Navy. Marine Corps, Coast Guard, armor- 
plate, battleships, arill books. 

fiA Standards of Weight and Measure. 
Electricity, radiotelegraphy, etc. 

Foreign Relations. Diplomacy, inter¬ 
national law, Mexico, European war. 

Immigration. .Mien enlistment, Chi¬ 
nese. Japanese, Negroes, citizenship, natu¬ 
ralization, and illiteracy 

Farm Management. A^icultural sta¬ 
tistics, farm accounts, credits, marketing, 
and conveniences for farm homes. 

Pacific States: California, Oregon, Wash¬ 
ington. All material relating to these 

States. 

Census. Statistics, population, manu¬ 
factures, agriculture, mines and minin gs 
and mortality statistics. 

Children's Bureau, and other publica¬ 
tions relating to children. 


44 . 

46 . 

46 . 

48 . 

Obsen 

cations 

49 . 
60 . 
61 . 

53 . 

54 . 

55 . 

58 . 

59 . 

60 . 
61 . 
62 . 

63 . 

64 . 

65 . 

67 , 

ralizatii 

68 . 

and coi 

69 . 

States. 

70 . 

and me 

71 . 


T 


How to Remit; Government Instructions 

“Rules require that remittances must be made in advance of shipment. Make 
all remittances payable to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print¬ 
ing Office, Washington, D. C. Remit in currency or by postal money order. 
Do not send postage stamps, mutilated coin, or foreign money. The prices 
quoted are for delivery within the United States, which includes Alaska, Guam, 
Hawaii, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, Samoa, or to Canada, Cuba, Mexico, 
and Shanghai. For delivery to all foreign countries add postage amounting to 
one-third the total cost. Foreign orders should be accompanied by international 
money order or New York draft. , 

Publications may be sold without limit, as to the number of.copies, to any 
one applicant who agrees not to resell or distribute them at a profit” 


8 






Miscellaneous Publications Which Should Be Known 

From the almost limitless number of United States Public Documents, at 
least those mentioned below should be known for purposes of general reference. 
Read the description of each one carefully. 

Congressional Directory 

The Congressional Directory gives the members of Congress, foreign 
consuls, and other officials; duties of the departments of the govern¬ 
ment; other information connected with the government. 

The contents at the front is arranged alphabetically, to serve as an 
index. 

Congressional Record 

The Congressional Record is a daily record of the speeches and pro¬ 
ceedings of Congress. 

It is indexed every two weeks; the index is fully cumulated every 
Congress. 

Statistical Abstract 

The Statistical Abstract is a valuable one volume yearly abstract of 
many volumes of statistics, compiled from the different departments. 
Details from this abstract are illustrated by specimen entries on follow¬ 
ing pages. 

% 

Census Reports: Census Abstract: Statistical Atlas 

A full census of the United States is taken every ten years; several years, 
are required to complete it. For general reference, important details are 
condensed from the many large volumes of the full census, in two ways: 

By tables, in the Census Abstract; 

By color and chart scheme in the Statistical Atlas. 

Selected Publications Indexed in Magazine Indexes 

The publications mentioned below are of such value that The H. W. Wilson 
Company index them in their different guides as regularly as they do magazines. 
Read the lists carefully, as they indicate the publications which are the most 
practical for general needs. 

In the Readers’ Guide are indexed: 

Farmers^ Bulletins; Agricultural Year-book; Bureau of Education Bulletins; 
Bureau of Labor Bulletins. 

In Industrial Arts are indexed: 

Department of Agriculture Bulletins; 

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Special Agents Series; 

Bureau of Mines; — Bulletins, Miners' Circulars, Technical Papers; 

Bureau of Standards; — Bulletins, Circulars, Technical Papers; 

Special Consular Reports. 

The Agricultural Index Includes: 

Bulletins of the state and federal departments, giving the latest scientific 
researches and discoveries in agricultural lines. 

The American Library Association Booklist frequently selects the current 
United States Government Documents which are apt to be serviceable in a 
general library. This list appears after the list of selected current books. 

9 


National Manuals 


Many nations publish a government year-book or manual giving the 
names of those employed in army, navy, post offices, and other positions, 
together with miscellaneous information. In Great Britain, the publication is 
called the Blue Book; in France, the Yellow Book; in Italy, the Green Book; in 
United States, the Official Register {Blue Book). 


Study of Specimen Entries from a Statistical Abstract 

The specimen pages following are taken from a Statistical Abstract, to illus¬ 
trate the kind of information included in that publication. A Statistical Abstract, 
which is a volume of nearly one thousand pages of selected statistics, is issued each 
year. It should be placed in every library. It can be purchased, in paper 
binding, from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., for seventy- 
five cents. 

Read the heading of each column for the ieAXe, Educatio^i, page II. 

Give the total expenditures for schools in the United States for the years 
1871 and 1910. 

Total number of teachers in 1900. 

Number enrolled in the public schools in 1875. 

Consult the table \\Q 2 ided Annual Average Export Prices of Leading Articles 
of Domestic Production, page 12, and find the following: 

Price of butter per pound at ports in 1893; 1900. (7th from the last column.) 

Price of anthracite coal per ton in 1893; 1896. 

Price of bacon per pound in 1907; 1910. 

Consult the table headed Cities Having 50,000 Inhabitants or Over in 1917, 
pages 13-15, and find the following: 

Cities which had 50,000 inhabitants or over in 1850. 

Between what decades the population of the following cities increased from 
under 50,000 inhabitants to over: Washington; Omaha; Tampa; Duluth; Denver. 

Consult the table headed Summary of Strikes in Coal Mines, page 15, and 
find the following: 

Number of men on strike in bituminous mines in 1910 and in 1916. 

Consult the table headed Fire Losses in the United States, page 15, and find 
the following: 

Amount of loss by fire in 1875; in 1900; in 1910. 

Compare the last mentioned table with the one headed Education, on page 
11, and tell which is greater, the amount spent for education or the loss by fires, 
for the years 1879; 1906. 

Read page 16. 


10 


EDUCATION. 


No. 71.—SUMMARY OF SCHOOL POPULATION,! 1871 TO 1916: Enrollment, 
Attendance, Superintendents and Teachers Employed in, and Expenditures 
FOR, ruBLic Schools.^ 

[Source: Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior.] 



Population, 
6 to 18 
years of 
age.3 

Pupils. 

1 Teachers. 

— 

School 

year. 

Number 
enrolled in 
public 
schools. 

Average 

daily 

attendance. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Salaries of 
superintend¬ 
ents and 
teachers. 

Total 

expendi¬ 

ture. 

1871 . 

1872 . 

1873 . 

1874.. 

1875. 

12.305.600 

12.565.600 
12,833,700 
13,112,900 
13,405,200 

7,561,58^ 
7,815,306' 
8,003,614 
8,444,251 
8,785,678 

4,545,817 
4,658,844 
4,745,459 
6,050,840 
6,248,114 

90,293 
94,992 
97,790 
103,465 
108,791 

129,932 
134,929 
139,723 
144,982 
149,074 

220,225 
229,921 
237,513 
248,447 
257,866 

Dollars. 

42,680,853 
46,935,681 
47,932,0.50 
60,785,656 
64,722,250 

Dollars. 

69,107,612 
74,234,476 
76,238,464 
80,054,286 
83,501,007 

1876...... 

1877 . 

1878 . 

1879 . 

1880 . 

13,708,000 
14,025,800 
14,356,000 
'14,702,800 
15,065,767 

8,869,115 
8,965,006 
9,438,883 
9,504,458 

9,867,505 

% 

5,291,376 
6,426,696 
5,783,065 
6,876,077 
6,144,143 

109,780 
114,312 
119,404 
121,490 
122,795 

149,838 

152,738 

157,743 

158,840 

163,798 

259,618 
267,050 
277,147 
280,330 
286,693 

55,358,166 
54,973,776 
66,155,133 
54,639,731 
55,942,972 

^3,082,578 
79,439,826 
79,083,260 
76,192,375 
78,094,687 

1881. 

1882. 

1883 . 

1884 . 

1885 . 

15,379,290 
15,704,660 
16,044,410 
16,401,280 
16,773,180 

10,000,896 
10,211,578 
10,651,828 
10,982,364 
11,398,024 

6,145,932 
6,331,242 
6,652,392 
7,055,696 
7,297,629 

122,611 
118,892 
116,388 
118,905 
121,762 

171,349 
180,187 
188,001 
195,110 
204,154 

293,860 
299,079 
304,389 
314,015 
32.5,916 

58,012,463 
60,594,933 
64,798,859 
68,384,275 
72,878,993 

83,642,964 
88,990,466 
96,7.50,003 
103,212,837 
110,328,376 

1886. 

1887 . 

1888 . 

1889...... 

1890. 

17,122,060 
17,482,020 
17,827,310 
18,168,580 
18,543,201 

11,664,460 
11,884,944 
12,182,600 
12,392,260 
12,722,581 

7,626,351 
7,681,806 
7,906,986 
8,005,969 
8,153,635 

123,792 
127,093 
126,240 
124,467 
125,625 

207,601 
212,367 
220,894 
232,110 
238,397 

331,393 
339,460 
347,134 
356,577 
363,922 

76,270,434 
78,639,964 
83,022,562 
87,568,306 
91,836,484 

113,.322,545 
115,783,890 
124,244,911' 
132,5-39,783 
140,508,715 

1891 . 

1892 . 

1893 . 

1894 . 

1895 . 

18,897,076 
19,194,233. 
19,620,964 
20,137,521 
20,440,479 

13,050,132 
13,255,921 
13,483,340 
13,995,357 
14,243,765 

8,408,323 
8,560,603 
8,837,199 
9,263,350 
9,648,722 

123,360 
121,573 
122,472 
125,402 
129,706 

245,028 
252,653 
. 260,278 
263,647 
268,336 

368,388 
374,226 
382,750 
388,949 
398,042 

96,303,069 
100,298,2.56 
104,660,339 
109,202,405 
113,872,388 

147,494,809 
155,817,012 
164,171,057 
172,502,843 
17.5,809,279 

1896 . 

1897 . 

1898 . 

20,863,807 
21,114,812 
21,572,114 
21,917,865 
21,404,322 

14,498,950 

14,823,059 

15,103,874 

15,176,219 

15,503,110 

9,781,475 
10,052,654 
10,356,458 
10,328,396 
10,632,772 

130,873 
131,221 
132,257 
131,207 
126,588 

269,923 
273,737 
278,-566 
288,065 
^>96,474 

400,296 
404,958 
410,813 
414,272 
423,062 

117,139,841 
119,310,503 
124,192,270 
129,345,873 
137,687,746 

183,498,965 
187,682,269 
194,292,911 
200,154,597 
214,964,618 

1899 . 

1900 . 

1901 . 

1902 . 

1903 . 

1904 . 

1905 . 

21,982,797 
22,278,693 
22,655,001 
23,028,748 
23,410,800 

15,688,602 
15,917,385 
15,999,717 
16,256,038 
16,468,300. 

10,714,613 
11,064,164 
11,053,158 
11,318,256 
11,481,531 

126,491 
120,883 
116,720 
113,744 
110,632 

805,292 
320,936 
833,144 
341,498 
349,737 

431,783 

441,819 

449,864 

455,242 

460,269 

143,286,204 
151,443,681 
157,635,732 
167,824,753 
177,462,981 

227,465,664 
238,262,299 
252,804,081 
273,216,227 
291,616,660 

1906 . 

1907 . 

1908....'.. 

1909 . 

1910 . 

23,792,723 
24,262,936 
24,613,763 
24,239,820 
24,360,888 

16,641,970 
16,890,818 
17,061,962 
17,606,175 
17,813,862 

11,712,300 
11,925,672 
12,154.172 
12,684,837 
12,827,307 

109,179 
104,414 
104,495 
108,300 
110,481 

366,884 
376,902 
390,968 
398,153 
412,729 

466,063 
481,316 
495,463 
506,4.53 
523,210 

186,483,464 
202,047,814 
219,780,123 
237,013,913 
<253,916,470 

307,765,659 
336,898,333 
371,344,410 
401,397,747 
426,250,434 

1911 . 

1912 . 

1913 . 

1914 . 

1915 . 

1916..... 

24,745,562 
25,167,445 
2.5,587,331 
26,002,153 
26,425,100 
26,846,976 

18,085,118 
18,182,937 
18,609,040 
19,153,786 
19,693,007 
20,351,687' 

12,871,980 
13,302,303 
13,613,656 
14,216,459 
14,964,886 
15,358,927 

110,328 
114,559 
113,213 
114,662 
118,435 
1213,038 

423,278 
432,730 
452,270 
465,.396 
485,506 
499,333 

533,606 
647,289 
665,483 
580,058 
604,001 
622,371 

<266,678,471 
<284,.045,162 
<304,431,681 
<323,610 915 
<344,668,690 
<364,789,265 

446,726,929 

482,886,793 

521,546,375 

5.55,077,146 

605,460,785 

040,717,053 


1 Includes public, graded, and high schools, but excludes private schools. 

2 Alaska and Hawaii not included. Indian Territory not included prior to 1901. 

> Estimated, except United States census years. 

* Includes salaries of teachers and principals only. 

32951°—s A 1917-8 113 


11 













































































ANNUAL AVEEAGE DOMESTIC EXPORT PRICES. 


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POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES. 53 

No. 30.—CITIES HAVING 60,000 OR MORE INHABITANTS IN 1917; 

Population at Each Census, 1850 to 1910, with Estimates for July 1, 1917. 

(Source: Reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce.] 


City. 


Akron, Ohio.. 

Albany, N. Y. 

Allentown, Pa..._ 

Altoona, Pa. 

Atlanta, Ga___ 

Atlantic City, N. J... 

Augusta, Ga.. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Bayonne, N. J. 

Berkeley, Cal.. 

Binghamton, N. Y.. 
Birmingham, Ala.... 

Boston, Mass. 

Bridgeport, Conn.... 

Brockton, Mass. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Cambridge, Mass.... 

Camden, N. J. 

Canton, Ohio. 

Charleston, S. C. 

Chattanooga, Tenn.. 

Chicago, Ill. 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

Columbus, Ohio. 

Covington, Ky. 

Dallas, Tex. 

Dayton, Ohio..r 

Denver, Colo. 

Des Moines, Iowa.... 

Detroit, Mich.. 

Duluth, Mihn. 

East St. Louis, Ill... 

Elizabeth, N. J. 

El Paso, Tex. 

Erie, Pa. 

Evansville, Ind. 

Fall River, Mass. 

Flint, Mich. 

Fort Wayne, Ind.... 
Fort Worth, Tex.... 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Harrisburg, Pa 
Hartford, Conn 
Hoboken, N. J. 
Holyoke, Mass. 
Houston, Tex. 
Indianapolis, Ind.... 
Jacksonville, Fla.... 
Jersey City, N. J 
Johnstown, Pa.. 
Kalamazoo, Mich.... 
Kansas City, Kans 
Kansas City, Mo... 
Knoxville, Term.... 

I.ancastcr, Pa. 

Lawrence, Mass.... 
Little Rock, Ark... 
Los Angeles, Cal.... 
Louisville, Ky 


1850 


3,266 
60,763 
3,779 


2,572 


169,054 


136,881 
3 7,500 
3,939 
42,261 
15,215 
9,479 
2,603 
42,985 


29,9<'.3 
115,435 
17,034 
17,882 
9,408 


10,977 


21,019 


^58 

3,235 

11,524 

1,670 

4,282 


2,686 
7,834 
3 17,966 


3,215 

2,396 

8,091 

1,045 

6,856 

1,269 

2,507 


2,076 
12,369 
8,282 
2,167 
1,010 
43,194 


1860 


3;477 

62,367 

8,025 

3,591 

9,554 


12,493 

212,418 


8,325 


177,840 
3 13,299 
6,584 
81,129 
20,060 
14,358 
4,041 
40,522 


109,260 
101,044 
43,417 
18,554 
16,471 


20,081 


1870 


10,006 

69,422 

13,884 

10,610 

21,789 

1,043 

15,389 

207,354 


12,692 


250,526 
18,969 
8,007 
117,714 
39,6.34 
20,045 
8,600 
48,956 
6,093 
298,977 
216,239 
92,829 
31,274 
24,505 


1880 


16,512 

90,758 

18,063 

19,710 

37,409 

5,477 

21,891 

332,313 

9,372 


3,905 

45,619 

80 


11,567 

(“) 

9,419 

11,484 

14,026 

2,950 

(“) 


8,085 
13,405 
3 29,152 
9,002 
4,997 
4,845 
18,011 
2,118 
29,226 
' 1,185 
6,070 


4,418 

00 

17,603 

17,039 

3,727 

4,385 

08,033 


30,473 
4,759 
12,035 
79,577 
3,131 
5,644 
20,832 

. 

19,046 
21,830 
26,706 
5,386 
17,718 


16,507 
23,104 
37,180 
20,297 
10,733 
9,382 
48,244 
6,912 
82,540 
6,028 
9,181 


32,200 
8,682 
20,233 
28,921 
12,380 
5,728 
100,753 


17,317 
3,086 
302,839 
27,643 
13,608 
155,134 
52,669 
41,659 
12,258 
49,984 
12,892 
503,185 
255,139 
160,146 
51,647 
29,720 
10,358 
38,678 
35,629 
22,408 
116,340 
#838 
9,185 
28,229 
736 
27,737 
29,280 
48, %1 
8,409 
20,880 
6,663 
32,016 
30,702 
42,015 
30,999 
21,915 
16,513 
75,056 
7,650 
120,722 
8,380 
11,937 
3,200 
55,785 
9,693 
25,769 
39,151 
13,138 
11,183 
123,758 


1890 


27,601 

94,923 

25,228 

30.337 
65,533 
13,055 
33,300 

434,439 
19,033 
5,101 
35,005 
26,178 
448,477 
48,806 
27,294 
255,604 
70,028 
58,313 
26,189 
54,955 
29,100 
1,099,850 
296,908 
261,353 
88,150 
37,371 
38,067 
61,220 
106,713 
50,093 
205,876 
33,115 
15,109 
37,764 

10.338 
40,034 
50,756 
74,398 

9,803 
35,393 
23,076 
60,278 
39,385 
53,230 
43,648 
35,637 
27,557 
105,436 
17,201 
163,003 
21,805 
17,853 
.38,316 
132,710 
22,535 
32,011 
44,654 
25,874 
50,395 
161,129 


1900 


42,728 
94,151 
35,410 
38,973 
89,872 
27,838 
39,441 
508,957 
32,722 
13,214 
39,047 

244,000 

560,892 
70,996 
40,003 
3.52,387 
91,880 
75,935 
30,607 
55,807 
30,154 
1,098,575 

4331 ,806 

6384,111 
125,560 
646,975 
M6,268 
85,333 
< 140,472 
62,139 
2290,277 
52,909 

1030,710 

52,130 
15,906 
52,733 
59,007 
104,803 
13,103 
45,]15 
26,688 
87,505 
50,167 
79,850 
59,304 
45,712 
44,033 
12170,963 
28,429 
206,433 
1^36,744 
24,404 
i<57.290 
16164', 745 
32,637 
41,459 
62,559 
1633,556 
in04,26G 
18 205,173 


1910 


69,067 
100,253 
51,913 
52,127 

154.839 
46,150 
41,040 

558,485 
55.545 
40,434 
48,443 
132,685 
670,585 
102,054 
50,878 
423,715 

104.839 
94,538 
50,217 
58,833 
44,604 

2,185,283 
303,591 
500,603 
181j511 
53,270 
92,104 
116,577 

213.381 
80,308 

405,706 
78,466 
58,547 
73,409 
39,279 
06,525 
69,647 
119,295 
38,550 
63,933 
73,312 
112,571 
64,180 
98,915 
70,324 
57,730 
78,800 
233,650 
57,699 
267,779 
55,482 

39,437. 

82,331 

248.381 
36,340 
47,227 
85,892 
45,941 

319,198 
223,928 


1917 


93,604 
106,632 
65,109 
59,712 
196,144 
59,515 
50,642 
594 ;637 
72,204 
60,427 
54,864 
189,716 
767,813 
124,724 
69,152 
475,781 
114,293 
108,117 
62,566 
61,041 
61,575 
2,547,201 
414,248 
692,259 
220,135 
59,623 
129,738 
128,939 
268,439 
104,052 
619,648 
97,077 
77,312 
88,830 
69,149 
76,592 
76,981 
129,828 
57,386 
73,014 
.109,597 
132,861 
73,276 
112,831 
78,324 
66,503 
116,873 
283,622 
79,065 
312,557 
70,473 
50,408 
102,096 
305,816 
59,112 
51,437 
102.923 
58,716 
535,485 
240,808 


1 Not returnel separately in 1850; in 1852, according to a local census, Augusta had a population of 
10 217 

2 Includes population of Ensley city and Pratt City town, annexed in 1910. 
s Population of town; town and city not returned separately. 

* Includes adjacent territory, annexed in 1903 and 1909. 

6 Tnrlndp«i South Brooklvn village annexed in 1905. 

«Includes Central Covington and Latonia towns, annexed in 1906 and 1907, respectively. 

2 Includes Oak Cliff town, annexed in 1903. 

S Exdute^Muth sot apott by act of legislature Feb. 23, 1877, but which 

again became part of the city by the act of Mar. 2,1^7. 

10 Includes Winstanley Park village, annexed m 1902. 

iiNot returned separately. . 

12 Includes Irvington town, annexed m 1902. 

13 Includes Roxbury Borough, annexed in 1901. 

N Includes Argentine city, annexed in 1910. 

11 Includes that part of Kaw Township outside of Ka^s Cit^annexod m 1909. 

16 Includes ward 8, taken to form apart of Argenta City in 1904. 

11 Includes San Pedro city, annexed in im 
M Include .1 Crescent Hill town, annexed in 1900. 


13 
















































































64 POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


No. 00 .—Cities Having 50,000 or More Inhabitants in 1917: Population at 
Each Census, 1850 to 1910, with Estimates Foa".TuLY 1, 1917—Continued. 


Citv. 


Lowell, Mass. 

Lynn, Mass. 

Malden,Mass. 

Manchester, N. H_ 

Memphis, Tenn. 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

Minneapolis, Minn.... 

Mobile, Ala .•. 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Newark, N. J. 

New Bedford, Mass... 
New Britain, Conn... 
New Haven,Conn.... 

New Orleans, La. 

New York, N, Y.5.... 

Manhattan. 

Bronx. 

Brooklyn. 

Queens. 

. Richmond. 

Norfolk, Va. 

Oakland, Cal. 

OklahomaCity, Okla. 

Omaha, Nebr. 

Passaic, N. J. 

Paterson, N. J.__ 

Pawtucket, R. I. 

Peoria, Ill. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Pittsburgh, Pa.s. 

Portland, Me. 

Portland, Oreg. 

Providence. R. I. 

Pueblo, Colo.... 

Reading, Pa. 

Richmond, V'a. 

Rochester, N. Y. 

Rockford, Ill. 

Sacramento, Cal.... 

Saginaw, Mich. 

St. Joseph, Mo. 

St. Louis, Mo. 

St. Paul, Minn. 

Salt Lake City, Utah.. 
San Antonio, Tex.... 

San D fego. Cal. 

San Francisco. Cal_ 

Savannah, Ga. 

Schenectady, N. Y... 

Scranton. Pa. 

Seattle, Wash. 

Sioux City, Iowa .... 

Somerville, Mass. 

South Bend, Ind. 

Spokane, Wash. 

Springfield, Ill. 

Springfield, Mass. 

Springfield, Ohio .... 

Syracuse, N! Y. 

Tacoma, Wash. 

Tampa, Fla. 


1850 


1860 


1870 


33,333 

14,257 

3,520 

13,932 

8,841 

20,061 


20,515 

10,165 

38,894 

16,443 


* 20,345 
116,375 
696,115 
515,547 
8,032 
138,882 
18,593 
la,061 
14,326 


3,753 
5,095 
121,376 
67,863 
20,815 


41,513 


15,743 
27,570 
36,403 


6,820 


77,860 

1,112 


3,488 

( 10 ) 

“ 34,776 
15,312 
8,921 


3,540 

1,652 


4,5.‘» 

11,766 

5,108 

22,271 


1*974 


36,827 

19,083 

5,865 

20,107 

22,623 

45,246 

2,564 

29,258 

16,988 

71,941 

22,300 


<39,267 
168,675 
1, 174,779 
813,669 
23,593 
279,122 
32,903 
25,492 
14,620 
1,543 


1,883 


19,586 
4,200 
14,045 
565,529 
77,923 
26,341 
2,874 
50,666 


23,162 

37,910 

48,204 

6,979 

13,785 

1,699 

8,932 

160,773 

10,401 

8,236 

8,235 

731 

56,802 

22,292 

9,579 

9,223 


8,025 

3,832 


9,320 
15,199 
7,002 
28,119 


( 10 ) 


40,928 

28,233 

7,367 

23,536 

40,226 

71,440 

13,066 

32,034 

25,865 

105,059 

21,320 


♦50,840 
191,418 
1, 478,103 
942,292 
37,393 
419,921 
45,468 
33,029 
19,229 
10,500 


16,083 


33,579 
6 , C19 
22,849 
674,022 
139,256 
31,413 
8,293 
68,904 


33,930 
51,038 
62,386 
11,049 
16,283 
7,460 
19,565 
310,864 
20,030 
12,854 
12,256 
2,300 
149,473 
28,235 
11,026 
35,092 
1,107 
3,401 
14,685 
7,206 


17,364 
26,703 
12,652 
43,051 


»<796 


18S0 


1890 


59,475 
38,274 
12,017 
32,630 
33,592 
115,587 
46,887 
29,132 
43,350 
136,508 
26,845 
11,800 
*62,882 
216,090 
1,9U,698 
1,164,673 
51,980 
599,495 
56,559 
38,991 
21,966 
34,555 


30,518 

6.532 
51,031 
19,030 
29,259 

847,170 
235,071 
33,810 
17,577 
104,857 
3,217 
43,278 
63,600 
89,366 
13,129 
21,420 
10,525 
32,431 
360,518 
41,473 
20,768 
20,550 
2,637 
233,959 
30,709 
13,655 
45,850 

3.533 
7,366 

24,933 

13,280 


19,743 

33,340 

20,730 

51,792 


720 


77,696 
55,727 
23,031 
44,126 
64,495 
204,468 
164,738 
31,076 
76,168 
181,830 
40,733 
16,519 
81,298 
242,039 
2,507,414 
1,441,216 
88,908 
838,547 
87,050 
51,693 
34,871 
48,682 
4,151 
140,452 
13,028 
78,347 
27,633 
41,024 
1,046,964 
343,904 
36,425 

46.385 
132,146 

24,558 

58,661 

81^388 

133,896 

23,584 

26.386 
46,322 
52,324 

451,770 
133,156 
44,843 
37,673 
16,159 
298,997 
43,189 
19,902 
75,215 
42,837 
37 ,^ 
40,152 
21,819 
19,922 
24,963 
44,179 
31,895 
88,143 
36,006 
5,532 


1900 


94,969 
68,513 
33,664 
66,987 
»102,647 
285,315 
202,718 
242,008 
80,865 
3248,849 
62,442 
28,202 
108,027 
287,104 
3,437,202 
1,850,093 
200,507 
1,166,582 

152.999 
67,021 

«51,612 
66,960 
10,037 
102,655 
27,777 
105,171 
39,231 
2 58,458 
1,293,697 
462,801 

50.145 
90,426 

175,597 
28,157 
78, %1 
*94,765 
162,608 
31,051 
29,282 
42,345 
102,979 
575,238 
163,005 
53,531 
53,321 
17,700 
342,782 
54,244 
31,682 
102,026 

86.146 
33,111 
61,643 

35.999 
36.848 

13 35,328 
62,059 
38,253 
108,374 
37,714 
13 16,387 


1910 


1917 


106,294 
89,336 
44,404 
70,063 
131,105 
373,857 
301,408 
51,521 
no, 364 
347,469 
96,652 
43,916 
133,605 
339,075 
4,766,883 
2,331,542 
430,980 
1,634,351 
284,041 
85,969 
67,452 
150,174 
64,205 
124,096 
54,773 
125,600 
51,622 
66,950 
1,549,008 
533,906 
68,571 
207,214 
224,326 
44,395 
96,071 
127,628 
218,149 
45,401 
44,696 
60,510 
77,403 
687,029 
214,744 
92,777 
96,614 
39,578 
416,912 
65,064 
72,826 
129,867 
237,194 
47,828 
77,236 
53,684 
104,402 
51,678 
88,926 
46,921 
137,249 

83,743 
37,782 


114,366 

104,634 

52,243 

79,607 

151,877 

415,008 

373,448 

59,201 

118,136 

418,789 

121,622, 

55,385 

152,275 

377,010 

5,737,492' 

2,682,978 

599.215 
1,976,103 

379,396 
99,800 
91,148 
206,405 
97,588 
177,777 
74,478 
140,512 
60,666 , 
72,184' 
1,735,514 , 
686,196 
64,720 
308,399 
259,895 
56,084 
111,607 
158,702 
261,714 
56,739 
68,984 
56,469 
86,498 
768,630 
252,465 
121,623 

128.215 
56,412 

471,023 

69.250 
103,774 
149,541 

366.445 
58,568 
88,618 
70,967 

157,656 

62,623 

108,668 

52,296 

158,559 

117.446 

56.251 


1 Includes Lenox town, annexed in 1909. 

* Includes precinct 27, Garrity’s, and other territory annexed in 1908. 

»Includes Vails Borough, annexed in 1906. 

♦ Population of town; town and city not returned separately. 

6 Population of New York find its boroughs as now constituted. 

«Includes Berkley town, annexed in 1906. 

^ Includes North Peoria village, annexed in 1900. 

1850, 24,262; I860, 28,702; 1870, 53,180; 1880. 78,632; 1890, 105,287; 
1900,129,896, and other adjacent territory annexed in 1905,1906,1907, and 1908. 

»Includes population of Manchester city, annexed in 1910. 

J® Not separately returned. 

by as reported by State census of 1852; the returns for 1850 for San Francisco were destroyed 

Includes Ballard city, Columbia town, and. Weet Seattle precinct, annexed in 1907 
Includes Ridglcy village, annexed in 19^7. 

*♦ Tampa town. 

Includes a part of precinct 6, comprising a portio*i of Brook town, annexed in 1907. 


14 


















































































POPULATION, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 


55 


- 191'LPo—k .. 


City. 

1850 

I860 1870 

Terre Haute, Ind. 

Toledo. Ohio_ 

Trenton, N. J.. 

Troy, N. Y. 

Utica, N.Y. 

Washington,D.C. 2 ... 
Waterburv, Conn.. 
Wichita, Kans 

4,051 
3,829 
6,401 
28,785 
17,565 
40,001 

8,594 
13,768 
17,228 
39,235 
22,529 
61,122 

16,103 
31,584 
22,874 
46,465 
28,804 
109,199 
10,826 

Wilkes-Barre. Pa.. 

Wilmington, Del. 

Worcester, Mass_ 

Yonkers, N. Y. 

2,723 

13,979 

17,049 

4,253 

21,258 

24,960 

io, 174 
30,841 
41,105 

York, Pa. 

Youngstown, Ohio...' 

1 

6,863 

8,605 

2,759 

11,003 

8,075 


1880 


26,042 
60,137 
29,910 
56,747 
33,914 
177,624 
17,806 
4,911 
23,339 
42,478 
58,291 
18,892 
13,940 
15,435 


1800 


30,217 
81,434 
57,458 
60,956 
44,007 
230,392 
28,646 
23,853 
37,718 
61,431 
84,655 
32,033 
20,793 
33,220 


9 territory annexed in 1901 

coexffil?.™” “ ”‘”““'1 ™ I® ‘l“ District ol 


1000 


36,673 
131,822 
73,307 
1 75,057 
56,383 
278,718 
51,139 
24,671 
51,721 
76,508 
118,421 
47,931 
33,708 
44,885 


1010 


58.157 
168,497 
96,815 
76,813 
74,419 
331,069 
73,141 
52,450 
67,105 
87,411 
145,986 
79,803 
44,750 
79,066 


1017 


67.361 

202,010 

113,974 

78,094 

89,272 

369.282 
89,201 
73,597 
78,334 
95.369 

166.106 
103.066 
52,770 

112.282 


Colombia, with which the city is now 


™ mines: NttHBEK OP Men on 

TO 1916 Days Lost per Man, Calendar Years 1905 


[Source: Reports of the Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.] 


Year. 

Men on 
strike. 

W orking 
days lost. 

Average 

days lost 
per man. 

Year. 

Men on 
strike. 

Working 
days lost. 

Average 
days lost 
per man. 

1905 . 

1906 . 

19071. 

1908J. 

19091. 

1910. 

37,542 
372,343 
32,540 
145,145 
24,763 
218,493 

798,735 

19,201,348 

462,392 

5,449,038 

723,634 

19,250,524 

21.0 

51.5 

14.0 

38.0 

29.0 

88.0 

• 

1911 . 

1912 . 

1913 . 

1914 . 

1915 . 

1916 . 

41,413 
31],056 
135,395 
161,720 
67,190. 
170,633 

983,737 
12,527,305 
3,049,412 
11,013,667 
2,467,431 
3,34-1,586 

24.0 

40.0 

22.5 
68.0 
37.0 

19.5 


Bituminous mines only. 


No. 358.—FIRE LOSSES IN THE UNITED STATES: Estimated Value, Cal¬ 
endar Years 1875 to 1916. 

(Source: Annual reports of the National Board of Fire Underwriters.] 


Year. 

Loss. 

j Year. 

Loss. 

j Year. 

Loss. 

1875. 

Dollars. 
78,102,285 
64,630,600 
68,265,800 

64.315.900 
77,703,700 
74,643,400 

81.280.900 
84,505,024 

100,149,228 
110,008,611 
102,818,796 
104,924,750 
120,283,055 
110,885,665 

1889. 

Dollars. 
123,046,833 
108,993,792 
143,764,967 
151,516,098 
167,544,370 
140,006,484 
142,110,233 
118,737,420 
116,354,575 
130,593,905 
153,597,830 
160,929,805’ 
16.5,817,810 
161,078,040 

1903 

Dollars. 

145,302,155 

229,198,050 

165,221,650 

513,611,800 

215,084,709 

217,885,850 

188,705,150 

214,003,300 

217,004,575 

206,438,900 

203,763,.550 

221,439,350 

172,033,200 

214,630,995 

1870. 

1890. 

1904. 

1877. 

1891. 

1905.. 

1878. 

1892. 

1906. 

1879. 

1893. 

1907. 

1880. 

1894. 

1908. 

1881. 

1895. 

1909. 

18S2.. 

1890. 

1910... 

1883. 

1897. 

1911.... 

1884. 

1898... 

1912. 

1885. 

1899. 

1913.. 

1886. 

1900. 

1914. 

1887.. 

190L. 

1915. 

1888. 

1902. 

1916. 





15 




























































































































































Document Catalogues 


Since the year 1895, the Federal government has planned to prepare a cata¬ 
logue of publications for each succeeding congress, issuing the catalogues 
every second year, and arranging the material in one alphabetical order under 
author and subject. Such a catalogue is necessarily several years behind date, 
as its preparation requires much time and detailed work. Each volume thus 
far issued includes about two thousand large pages of fine print. A. specimen 
entry is given below to illustrate the general nature of these catalogues. 


Specimen Entry Under Mosquitoes, in Volume 10 of the 

Document Catalogue 


Mosquitoes. 

Currie, D. H. Mosquitoes in relation to transmission of leprosy (with 
bibliography). (In Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. 
Public health bulletin 39. Sept., 1910, p. 3-19.) 


What is the title of the article? What is the bulletin number? What is 
the date? How many pages does the article contain? Articles are also indexed 
under author; under what name, therefore, would this, and any other articles for 
this catalogue by this author, appear? “With bibliography” means that it con¬ 
tains a list of references. 


The next article under “mosquitoes” gives as one of the references the line in 
italics below— {S. Doc.), refers to Senate document number what? 


S. doc. 822, p. 239-250. 

61st Cong., 3rd sess., in v. 61; 5919. 

On what page of this document does the article begin? It covers how many 
pages? It was published in what session of what Congress? In what volume of 
the publications of this Congress is the article found? 5919 is the large serial 
number on the back of the volume, regardless of the Congress. 


Read the following entry under beans: 

Beans. 

Dubois, W. L. Analyses of canned peas and beans, showing compo¬ 
sition of different grades. Mar. 28, 1910. 9 p. (Chemistry Bureau. 

Circular 54.) 

Under what Bureau was it issued? What is the circular number? What is the 
date? How many pages in the article? What subject is of as much importance 
in the article as “beans”? It would, therefore, be entered again under what 
other word? Under what name will it be entered as author? 


16 


Questions for Public Documents 

Note: Numbert tn margin at right of quettions below, giw voIkm on tcale qf 100%, 

1—What’publications should be consulted for: 

a. Leading city officials (Name city publication). 

b. Leading state officials (Name state publication). 

c. Leading United States officials (Name L^nited States publication)..5 each= 15 

^ report of what city department should be consulted to find the number of miles of pipe 

needed to carry the city water?...= 2 

3 The reports of what county and state commissions should be consulted to learn of the 

condition and construction of local roads and bridges? ...= 3 

4 What is the name of the company which includes with their magazine indexes a few of the 

most important United States Government publications?.= 10 

5—Name at least two public boards or departments, each of which has a city, a county, a 
state, and a federal organization...= 10 


6— a. From what office in Washington, D. C., can one secure small classified catalogues of 

many of the United States government publications? 

b. What are these catalogues called?...5 each =» 10 

7— What United States government publication gives a complete daily record of the sessions 

of Congress?.= 5 

8— What United States government publication issues every year condensed tables of impor¬ 


tant statistics pertaining to a great variety of subjects?.. = 5 

9—All reports from all states are listed monthly: 

a. By what library? 

b. Under what title? 

c. How frequently are these reports indexed by author and subject?.5 each =» 15 

10 — What is the largest publishing house in the world?..= 5 

11— Name at least five of the main departments of the United States government.== 5 

12— Name five departments of city or town government .= 5 


13—a. How frequently is a complete census of the United States taken? 

b. These reports, which constitute ten or twelve very large volumes, are condensed 
into one large volume of tables under what name?..5 each = 


10 



























Plan for Checking Work 
When Training in the use of Reference Material 

is organized as a 

Required Feature of the Regular English Course 


Schools which use these pamphlets as a required feature 
of their English courses will find it convenient to have a plan for 
marking the lesson. For this purpose a number appears after each 
question to indicate its value on the scale of 100%. Because this 
work requires but a few days each term, students are in danger of 
considering it unimportant unless it is carefully guarded. A 
reference question in examinations emphasizes the work. If a 
certificate for passing in an English course is not granted unless the 
work in the library pamphlet for that course has been completed, 
the fact will be established in the student^s mind that the school 
considers training in the use of reference books to be as neces¬ 
sary as is training in other educational lines. 










* 




















